AP World unit 0 test

Mecca

an important place for religious gathering (holds religious shrines) and trade in pre-Islamic Arabia. considered holist Islam city

Ka’aba

the shrine where worship happens

Bedouins

first to get to Arabia, nomadic, organized in tribes/clans (matriarchal), wars over land since fertile land was scarce

What was the Arabian landscape like in pre-Islamic Arabia?

mostly dry and infertile, but agriculture at coastlines

Polytheism

belief or worship of more than one god

Animism

attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena

Impact of Muhammad

started the spread of islam because of a vision he had from god. encouraged followers to act righteously, care for less fortunate, dismiss false deities, and submit to one god, Allah.

The Hijra

when Muhammad and followers escaped Mecca to present-day Medina where Islam is born

Quran

Muhammad’s teachings in Quran. Became known as word of god

The 5 pillars of Islam

1. Confession of faith (uncompromising monotheism)

2. Pray facing Mecca five times a day

3. Fast Ramadan (to commemorate Muhammad’s first revelation)

4. Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca to worship at Kaaba)

5. Give to charity, social responsibility

Purpose of 5 pillars of Islam

defined the basic identity of Muslims. Unite all under one god.

Rightly Guided Caliphs/their impact

`First four successors that led Islam after Muhammad died.

Institutionalized Islam, linked religious uprightness with empire expansion, building, appeal to all people

Jihad

religious idea of struggle by muslim solders’ desire to expand Islam faith and conquer new territories

Dar al-Islam

“world of Islam.” Any structure where Islam could be practiced freely

Dar al-Harb

“world of warfare”

Sunni Muslims

majority. believes that caliphate should be chosen by consensus (the community)

Shia Muslims

minority. believes that caliphate should be passed down through Muhammad’s bloodline

What did the split between Sunni and Shia Muslims mean?

created class division between Muslims. Resulted in an increase in tensions as well as rivalries and conflicts

What were the religions like in pre-Islamic Arabia?

polytheistic and animism

Impact of Islam through the Silk Road

spread of ideas, culture, goods, services, etc. great desire to spread islam through military conquest

Key points of the Umayyad Dynasty (661-750)

Capital: Damascus

little incentive for converts (non-Arab Muslims and non-Muslims treated as second class citizens, had to pay jizya) —> little conversion

elites (Arab Muslims) had lavish lifestyles

successful conquests in uniting via expansion

introduced gold dinar and silver dirham

made Dome of the Rock mosque

Overthrown by Abbasids because people didn’t like them

Dhimmis

non-Arabs

Key points of Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258)

overthrew the Umayyads at Battle of River Zab

capital in Baghdad

cool with converted Muslims (had equal rights and no high tax)

like Umayyads, greatly expanded empire

Introduced Ulama (Muslims scholars that interpreted Islamic law)

Al-Shafi’i was their most influential Ulama (helped develop Sharia which served as the Islamic law)

Golden age of Islam during Abbasid Rule (advancements in science, math, medicine, cultural exchange, and Baghdad as the #1 cultural center)

elites had luxurious lifestyles

flourishing arts

made Arabic language of educated class

Key points of Fatimid Dynasty (909-1171)

Shiite leader Abu Abdallah overthrew Sunni Ruler in North Africa, beginning Fatimid regime

capital in al-Qahira (Cairo)

much greater tolerance towards non-Muslims

rival to Abbasid caliphs

What is the Sharia?

Islamic law that governs practical and spiritual life including marriage contracts, trade regulations, and religious issues

Who are the Ulama?

muslim scholars that had knowledge of the Sharia. Authoritative interpreters of Islamic law

Impact of caliphates on foreign terrtories

introduced islam into new regions, direct trade, and exchange of ideas

gender rules and how they changed over time

spread of islam led to stricter gender roles

In Bedouin times, many men were traders and clans were largely matriarchal. In post-Muhammed times, women were subordinated to men and islamic empire became largely patriarchal.

Commercialism in the islamic world and how it impacted different regions and groups

sub-Saharan trade in Africa developed and connected to wider world due to muslim presence

commercial interactions facilitated cultural exchange between different regions, merchants shared knowledge, goods, languages, ideas, etc.

merchants became very wealthy

Abbasids used dhows (triangular shaped sail ships)

Muslims became #1 in Indian ocean trade

collaborations of Muslims with jews and Christians

expansion of knowledge in the islamic world and its significance

Translation movement: during islamic golden age, scholars translated works from other civilizations into Arabic

advancements in science, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, and chemistry

expansion of knowledge contributed to spread of knowledge with other regions

Islamic world began to expand

Feudalism

a political and economic system based on landholding and protective alliances, emerged in Europe’s class system

feudal pyramid

created rigid hierarchal social class structure

land/economy based on agriculture worked by labor class

established a military

Manoralism

economic system between landlords and peasants who live in estates —> led to regional monarchies with strong aristocrats

serfs gave their lord a portion of produce. lords protected serfs and provided everyday needs

Effects of manoralism

peasants/serfs generally accepted their lives to be part of God’s plan

bound peasants to the land and limited their freedom

fostered sense of self-sufficiency

ensured agricultural production and land management

increased wealth distribution

social order of feudal monarchies

those who fight: nobles and knights

those who pray: monks, nuns, leaders of the Church

those who work: peasants/serfs

expansion of feudal monarchies

After Norman invasion (1066), feudal monarchy introduced to England

Early middle ages (5th-10th century) in Europe

power struggle (uncertainty of who will rule after the roman empire falls)

rise of feudalism

rise of Christianity

everything declining (population, literacy rate, science and tech advancements, institutions)

high middle ages (10th-15th century) in Europe

slow advancements (economic and political change)

economic and territorial expansion

late middle ages (1300-1500 CE) in Europe

black plague caused war and famine

Christian faith growing and strong

trade with other countries increased (islam and mongols)

decline in feudalism

Expansion and significance of the Holy Roman Empire

Holy Roman empire expanded in Europe mostly

Emperor Charlemagne’s land reign over most of Western Europe

Byzantine empire are opps

Pope came along by the 9th century

Charlamagne

ruler of the Franks

credited with reviving the idea of a unified Christian empire in the West

trade based on war

helped restore the Western Roman empire

facilitated in a cultural and intellectual renaissance

Impact of the Vikings

exposed Charlemagne’s weak empire

successful because of the use of ships

Schism in Chrstianity

division of Christianity into the Western Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church

Christianity in Western Europe vs. Eastern Europe

Western Europe led by Pope / East led by Patriarch

West said priests should be celibate / East said no

West wanted religion to control the state / East wanted state to control religion

West was largely Roman Christians (believing that Jesus sacrificed as payment for human guilt) / East was largely Greek Orthodoxy (believing in restoring humanity to its intended purpose of moral perfection and eternal life in union with God)

Movement of Christianity along Silk Roads and into new regions

Merchants and travelers spread Christianity into Eastern Europe and Russia

led to Kievan Rus

Kievan Rus

group of Russians (moved from Asia into Roman Empire region)P

agricultural and had villages

animism

Leaders of Kievan Rus

Vladimir I —> converts to Greek Orthodoxy, developed Russian orthodox church, forced conversions with military pressure, controlled the church

Yaroslav —> makes unifying law code (creates a golden age and education), arranged marriages with central European royalty, translates religious texts into Slavic

culture of Kievan Rus

Russian culture borrowed much from Byzantine and influenced by Greek Orthodox Church

had Boyars (like lords in feudalism but weaker)

Impact of Kievan Rus

helped facilitate cultural exchange between Byzantinesde

Decline of Kievan Rus

fell because Byzantines fell (relied on them) and invaded by Mongols

Impacts of the Sui dynasty

founded by Emperor Wendi (Yang Jain) —> unified China after period of fragmentation (after fall of Han dynasty) and wanted to consolidate power & centralize government

Sui dynasty laid groundwork for Tang dynasty after

known for canal system and rivers for population shift and transportation of goods (Yangdi’s Grand Canal)

scholar gentry

a bunch of well educated bureaucrats (state appointed officials). powerful social class in china

importance of expansion in the tang state

rise of the tang empire in China paralleled Islam’s explosion in growth and impact of Arabia, strong central government, professionally trained army, aristocratic cavalry and peasant soldiers (based on wealth status), expansion in agricultural cultivation

Minstry of rites

carry out/oversee the administration of civil service exams

Li Yuan

founding emperor of the Tang Dynasty (previously from Sui)

Tang Taizong

well known for developing more transportation systems (more roads—land-based transportation—canals—sea-based transportation). Under his reign, there was the creation of postal and messenger services which increased efficient communication through the empire.

Different components of the Tang state (type of gov, economy, religions and their significance, culture)

Capital: Chang’an

Government: centralized bureaucracy that employed merit-based service exam system to select officials (rooted in Confucian beliefs)

Economy: experienced a period of economic prosperity. Agricultural development, strategic location along Silk Road, good trade

Religions: Buddhism, Daoism, Confucianism are primary religions. created differing views/view on religion varied from emperor to emperor

• BUDDHISM: more of a philosophical/ideological concept rather than a religion. Follows the Four Noble Truths: to live is to suffer, to suffer is caused by desire, suffering can terminate, and the solution is the Noble Eightfold Path

• DAOISM: emphasis on harmony with natural and spiritual practices

• CONFUCIANISM: a philosophy based on mutual respect and kindness toward others. ethical practices

Culture: time of Tang dynasty referred to as the Golden Age of Chinese civilization

Civil Service exam and what it did for china

written civil exam to ensure appointed officials were qualified so only the best could work —> recruited officials based on qualifications and knowledge on Confucianism, rather than aristocratic birth

Empress Wu and her significance

badass

dominated tang dynasty (609-705)

uses her beauty and and intelligence to gain prominence and becomes empress after her husband, Emperor Gaozong dies

expanded military force & forced secret police

ordered scholars to write biographies of famous women

encouraged buddhism over daoism as the favored state religion (buddhism reached its highest point)

impact of buddhism

united the Chinese people into a community of believers

helped the people overcome a period of war and unrest

was important for the spread of ideas and beliefs on the Silk Road

How did people feel about Buddhism overtime?

Anti-Buddhist campaigns —> claimed Buddhism conflicted native traditions

Han Yu is responsible for destroying thousndads of monasteries, and temples

By mid-19th century, Buddhism is openly persecuted

Han Yu

Confucian Chinese scholar who believed Buddhism threatened Chinese traditions and values and believed it was a foreign doctrine

Chan/Zen

new form of buddhism that focuses predominantly on meditation

Sinification of Korea

China had an influence on the Silla —> rigid hereditary social structure

• once the tang dynasty began to fall and imperial system began to crumble, silla fell too (they had similar system)

Autonomous government (self-governing)

expansion of chinese culture to other regions in Asia

Umma

Arab Muslims

who founded Kievan Rus?

Prince rurik

Sinification of Japan

Soga kinship group rises to power and took control of japanese courts

• Pirnce Shotoku —> introduces Buddhism to Japan and promoted both Buddhism & Confucianism. Influenced the Shinto cults

The Nakatomi family rises to power (645 CE) and overtakes Prince Shotoku

• reflected Confucian principles

autonomous government

Chinese culture spreads even more and becomes intertwined into these societies

Which groups of people led to the fall of the Tang Dynasty?

1. Muslims forces drove the Tang from Turkistan in 751 — Battle of Talas River

2. Sogdians and Tibetans (challenged the Tang)

Tang group retreated back to original heartlands (Yellow and Yangtze Rivers) and it weakened the empire until it finally ended in 907 CE

Chronological order of the emperors of Tang Dynasty

Li Yuan —> Li ShiMin —> Gaozong —> Empress Wu