OB anaphy female

obstetrics

-deals with phenomena, management of pregnancy, labor, and the puerperium

-study of medicine that deals with partition, its antecedents, and sequel

vulva

latin word which means to cover

pudenda

refers to the entire female external genitalia

mons pubis or mons veneris

pad of fat above the symphysis pubis that is an important obstetrical landmark and protects symphysis pubis from trauma

trauma

mons pubis protects the symphysis pubis from ________

mons pubis

important obstetrical landmark

mons pubis

richly supplied with sebaceous glands

estucheon

after puberty, the mons pubis becomes covered by curly hair called

triangular with base up

hair growth pattern in female

diamond shaped

hair growth pattern in male

testosterone

hair growth is stimulated by

estrogen

pattern of hair growth is due to the influence of

labia majora

two thick folds of adipose tissues originating from the mons pubis and terminating in the perineum.

labia majora

it unites anteriorly to the anterior commissure and posteriorly to the posterior commissure.

thick and covered by hair

the outer surface of labia majora is

thin, smooth, and moist

the inner surface of labia majora is

labia majora

adipose tissue

labia minora

connective tissue

labia minora

are two thin folds of connective tissue that joins anteriorly to form the prepuce and posteriorly to form the fourchette.

prepuce

the labia minora joins anteriorly to form the

fourchette

the labia minor forms posteriorly to form the

frenulum

the lower border of the upper portion of labia minora is called

labia minora

it is moist, highly vascular, sensitive, and richly supplied with sebaceous glands

labia minora

In nulliparous women, it covers the vaginal introitus, vestibule, and urethra. Being very fragile, it is usually torn during vaginal delivery.

before menarche

the labia minora is small

childbearing age

the labia minora is firm and full

internal surface

labia minora is covered with mucus membranes

external surface

labia minora is covered with skin

post menopause

it becomes small again due to atrophy

clitoris

highly sensitive and erectile tissues situated under the prepuce of the labia minora

clitoris

known as the seat of woman’s arousal and orgasm

touch and temperature

clitoris is the most sensitive part of female external genitalia and it is highly sensitive to

corpora cavernosa

erectile tissue of clitoris that are connected to the pubic bone

smegma

cheese like secretions

clitoris

a useful guide to female catheterization

fossa navicularis

this is the space between the fourchette and vaginal introitus that is usually obliterated during child birth

vestibule

a triagular shape between the labia minora where the vaginal introitus. urethral meatus, batholin’s glands. skene’s glands are located

bartholin’s galnds

a pair of glands that are also known as vulvovaginal glands, paraviganl, and major vestibular glands.

vagina

batholin’s glands are located in the inner side of

bartholin’s glands

secretes mucus that helps keep the vaginal introitus lubricated. It’s ALKALINE nature for survival

skene’s glands

also known as paraurethral and minor vestibular glands.

urethral meatus

skene’s glands is situated at each inner side of the

Vaginal orifice or introitus

is the external opening of the vagina located just below the urethral meatus.

Grafenberg or G-spot

is a very sensitive area located at the inner anterior surface of the vagina.

HYMEN

a thin circular membrane made of elastic tissues situated at the vaginal opening that separates the female internal organs from the external organs.

HYMEN

It is naturally torn during the first sexual intercourse, which may cause pain and bleeding.

pain and bleeding

during a woman’s first coitus cannot be used as a standard sign of virginity as the hymen may also be torn during other activities (tampon insertion, active sports) aside from coitus.

hymen

Some women may be born without a ________

Imperforate hymen

is a hymen that completely covers the vaginal introitus preventing the passage of menstrual discharge or sexual intercourse.

Hymenotomy

is the surgical incision of an imperforate hymen.

carunculae hymenales.

Vaginal birth further obliterates the hymen and its remnants are called ___________

PERINEUM

A muscular area easily stretched during childbirth.

Kegel’s

are initiated to make perineal muscle more flexible to allow easier expansion during birth without the tearing of this tissue.

URETHRAL MEATUS

The external opening of the female urethra is located just below the clitoris.

The shortness of the female urethra makes women more susceptible to

FOURCHETTE

The ridge of tissue formed by the posterior joining of the two labia minora and the labia majora, this structure that is some times cut (episiotomy) to enlarge vaginal opening

VAGINA

vagina is a hollow, membranous and muscular canal about 8 to 12 cm long located in front of and is separated from the rectum by the cul-de-sac of Douglas.

VAGINA

8 to 12 cm long

stratified squamous epithelium

The vagina is composed of connective and elastic tissues, and muscle fibers. Its surface is lined by _______________

Kegel’s exercise

improves the tone of this muscle and helps to prevent excessive lacerations during the birth of the baby. (relax and tense vaginal muscles)

utero vaginal plexus or Lee Franken Hauser plexus and S1 to S3 nerves

Innervation to the vagina is provided by the

Rugae

These are transverse folds of skin in the vagina wall that is absent in childhood, appear after puberty and disappears at menopause.

Rugae

The important function of this is to allow the vaginal canal to stretch and enlarge considerably during delivery.

Vaginal Column

These are longitudinal folds of skin in the vaginal canal which also allows the vaginal canal to enlarge during delivery in order to accommodate the fetus.

Fornix / Fornices

The cervix projects into the vagina forming four recesses or depression around the vagina’s upper portion called

posterior fornix

it is in this area that vaginal secretions collect and semen pools

uterus

is a hollow muscular canal resembling an inverted pear, it is situated in the true pelvis.

uterus

2.5 to 3 inches long

Fundus

The uppermost convex portion located between the insertions of the fallopian tubes.

Doderlein bacilli

(a bacteria normally present in the vagina)

uterus

resembling an inverted pear

true pelvis

where is the uterus situated

In nulliparous women

the corpus and cervix are of the same size.

In

multiparous women

fundus

being the most contractile are is palpated to assess uterine contractions and labor progress.

uterine growth

during pregnancy palpation of the fundus height is used to assess

uterine involution

during the postpartum period, the fundus is palpated to assess for

zygote

Another significant role of the fundal area is that is also the ideal site for implantation of the:

placenta previa

Implantation in the lower portion of the uterus can result in

Cornua

The areas of the uterus at which the fallopian tubes are attached

Isthmus

This is the upper third of the cervix which is very thin, becoming prominent only near the end of pregnancy and during labor to form the lower uterine segment together with the cervix.

Corpus

This is the body of the uterus which makes up two-third of the said organ.

Corpus

It houses the fetus during pregnancy.

cervix

is considered the neck of the uterus.

cervix

In measures about 2.5 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter.

thrice the length of the cervix

in multiparous women, the corpus is about

cervix

It is chiefly composed of elastic and collagenous tissues and only 10% muscle fibers.

muscle fibers

Women with incompetent cervix have more _____________

Cervical canal

which is spindles shaped are that is actually a continuation of the triangular uterine cavity and located between the internal and external os.

Perimetrium

The outermost serosal layer attached to the broad ligaments.

Myometrium

Middle muscular layer responsible for uterine contractions during labor.

Myometrium

is thickest at the fundal area of the uterus.

uterine contractions

Efferent motor fibers from T5 to T10 are responsible for:

vasodilation and inhibiting myometrial contractions

parasympathetic fibers from the sacral nerves are probably responsible for:

Glandular layer

Composed of columnar epithelium, this layer peels of during menstruation and thickens during the proliferative and secretory phase.

Basal layer

Adjacent to the myometrium and gives rise to the new endometrium after menstruation and delivery

Estrogen

Increase mucus production, up to 700ml of mucus per day is produced

Endocervix

Secretes alkaline mucus that plugs during pregnancy to prevent ascending infection.

Uterine Ligaments

support the uterus permit it to move freely in the anteroposterior plane & to enlarge without difficulty during labor:

Cardinal/Transverse-Cervical Mackenrodt Ligaments (2)

The lower portion of the broad ligaments. It is the main support of the uterus. Damage to this ligaments causes uterine prolapse.