Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Digestive Systems Review

Flashcards based on a lecture covering key concepts of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive systems to aid in exam preparation.

Following the right ventricle, blood flows through which valve?

Pulmonary semilunar valve

What explains Frank-Starling’s Law of the Heart?

Actin and myosin get closer together

Blood flowing through the pulmonary veins is:

Oxygenated

Which hormone response mechanism responds to nutrient levels?

Humoral

Where are red blood cells formed during erythropoiesis?

Red bone marrow

Which innervate the heart?

Parasympathetic + Sympathetic NS (All of the above)

Which describes cardiac output?

SV × HR

Those with darker skin have more melanocytes:

False

How does the parasympathetic NS affect the heart?

Slower HR

Sensory receptors act as transducers meaning:

Convert stimulus energy into electrical energy

What type of receptor are pain receptors?

Tonic

Ions can move through the plasma membrane via simple diffusion:

False

Where does AP summation/initiation occur in a neuron?

Initial segment

Which lobe handles decision making/planning?

Frontal

Parasympathetic neuron axon length/branching:

Long; little

An anion:

Gains electrons to become more negative

Blood glucose rise detected by ___ secreting ___:

Pancreas; insulin

Energy source for secondary active transport:

Energy from movement of another substance

Form lipids travel through lymphatic system:

Chylomicrons

Peptides absorbed directly into blood:

False

Where does carbohydrate digestion start?

Oral cavity

Which starts protein breakdown in stomach?

Pepsin

Enzyme that breaks down most CHO in small intestine:

Pancreatic amylase

Chemical protein digestion begins in oral cavity:

False

Second section of small intestine:

Jejunum

Not a function of the liver:

Store bile

Bile helps digest:

Lipids

Pancreas is mainly endocrine:

False

Structure funneling chyme to SI:

Pyloric sphincter

Last part of upper GI tract:

Stomach

Circular folds increase absorption:

True

Parasympathetic NS slows GI:

False

Mixing/moving materials through GI:

Motility

Largest salivary gland:

Parotid

Entry to esophagus controlled by LES:

False

Typical urine volume per day:

1–2 L

Micturition reflex activates sympathetic NS:

False

Not an accessory digestive organ:

Esophagus

Would NOT be found in filtrate:

Platelets

What triggers ANP release?

Increased blood volume

↑ ADH during exercise causes urine volume to:

Decrease

ANP blocks ADH decreasing urine output:

False

Movement of substances from tubular fluid back to blood:

Tubular reabsorption

Where is majority of water reabsorbed?

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Regulates Na+ reabsorption in DCT/collecting duct:

Aldosterone

Functional unit of kidney:

Nephron

Blood flows into glomerulus via:

Afferent arteriole

Segment where filtration occurs:

Glomerulus

After glomerulus filtrate moves to:

Proximal convoluted tubule

After renal calyx urine flows to:

Renal pelvis

Innervated by somatic NS:

External urinary sphincter

Kidney innervated by sympathetic + parasympathetic:

False

What describes partial pressure?

Percentage of gas × Total pressure

Partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli:

104 mmHg

Coronary/bronchiole veins add O2 rich blood to pulmonary veins:

False

What is controlled by the pons?

Depth of breathing

Pulmonary ventilation:

Movement of air from atmosphere to alveoli during inhalation

Which alveoli cells secrete surfactant?

Type II cells

If intrapulmonary > atmospheric pressure air flows:

Out of the lungs

Air exhaled beyond quiet breathing:

Expiratory reserve volume

Vital capacity:

ERV + TV + IRV

During expiration volume ___ and pressure ___:

Decreases; increases

During inspiration:

Diaphragm contracts, thoracic volume increases

During inspiration intrapulmonary & intrapleural pressure decrease:

True

If volume increases pressure will:

Decrease

Correct air flow path:

Nasal cavity → Pharynx → Larynx → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli

Resting respiratory rate:

12–16 breaths/min

Which lung has 2 lobes:

Left lung

Conducting zone ends with:

Terminal bronchioles

Trachea in lower respiratory tract:

True

Food most likely stuck in which bronchus:

Right main bronchus