Honors US History Final Study Guide

Louisiana Purchase

Purchase that added 828,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi. Federalists argued against the purchase and said that it was unconstitutional. Jefferson did not get approval from the US Constitution. The US paid $15 million for land.

Manifest Destiny

19th century belief that US expansion is inevitable and justified.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Jefferson asks Congress for funds to explore the land west of the Mississippi with a goal to find a water route to the Pacific.

Sacagawea

Interpreter who helped Lewis and Clark across the Rocky Mountains.

Tenskwatawa

Brother of Tecumseh; created Prophetstown.

War of 1812

Conflict caused by issues with British military, US expansion hopes into Canada, and Indigenous Nationalism.

Monroe Doctrine

A principle of US policy, originated by James Monroe in 1823, that any intervention by external powers in the politics of the Americas is a potentially hostile act against the United States.

Andrew Jackson

7th US president, supported by the West, and known as a military hero.

Trail of Tears

A forced displacement of Native Americans caused by the Indian Removal Act which authorized the U.S. government to remove Native American tribes from their lands east of the Mississippi River.

Indian Removal Act

Congressional action to forcibly remove Indigenous communities off fertile land east of the Mississippi River.

Carlisle Boarding School

A government-funded boarding school, where Indigenous children were taken after sometimes being forcibly removed from their families.

Abolitionist Movement

An organized effort to end slavery.

John Brown's Raid

Goal: arm and free enslaved people in the south; led a raid on the military arsenal at Harpers Ferry in WV; Brown was captured and executed for treason.

Missouri Compromise

An attempt to keep a balance between free and slave states; Missouri joined as a slave state, Maine entered as a free state, and slavery was allowed south of the line but banned north of the line.

Dred Scott

An enslaved man from Missouri who filed for wrongful enslavement and lost.

John Wilkes Booth

Confederate sympathizer who shot President Lincoln.

Scott Vs. Sandford

An 1857 election in which the Court ruled that enslaved people, whether free or slave, were not American citizens and therefore could not sue in federal court.

Election of 1860

Lincoln won the election, but only received 40% of the popular vote; disputes between democrats and republicans led to South Carolina succeeding.

Fort Sumter

Attacked by Confederate forces; the commander refused to surrender, but it fell to the Confederacy.

Abraham Lincoln

16th president of the US, assassinated, not an abolitionist, suspended the Habeas Corpus.

North Vs. South

North (Union): Anaconda plan, blockade southern ports, capture the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, advance in weapons and military; South (Confederates): Defensive war, war of attrition, brilliant military commanders, goal to gain support from England and France.

Emancipation Proclamation

Proclamation by Lincoln that freed all enslaved people in the Confederate Territory.

Anaconda Plan

A Union strategy during the American Civil War aimed at strangling the Confederacy by cutting off its trade and resources.

Gettysburg Address

Lincoln's famous speech given after the Battle of Gettysburg honoring those who were killed in the battle.

Andrew Johnson

President after the assassination of Lincoln who issued blatant racist policies supported and carried out by state governments.

Reconstruction

The plan after the Civil War to restore the political, economic, and social relationship between the North and the South.

13th Amendment

Slavery made unconstitutional and illegal in the US.

14th Amendment

All born in US are citizens with equal protection.

15th Amendment

No denial of vote due to race or previous servitude for men.

W.E.B. Dubois

Founder of the Niagara Movement which sought liberal education for Black Americans.

Booker T. Washington

A famous supporter of Black Universities/Institutions.

Plessy v Ferguson

a Supreme Court case that found that segregation laws were allowed and established the nation of 'separate but equal'

Jim Crow Laws

segregation laws passed by the south to separate White and Black people in public and private facilities; put in schools, hospitals, systems, and parks

Gilded Age

The age of innovation, industry, cities, Robber Barons, Manifest Destiny, and the Frontier

Westward Movement

the historical westward expansion of the United States, a process where settlers from the eastern United States migrated and settled in the western part of the country

Robber Barons

a person who has become rich through intense business practices, sometimes ones that are ruthless and unethical

Andrew Carnegie's 'Gospel of Wealth'

The rich should give to the poor or community

Urbanization

the process of making an area more urban (city-like)

Immigration in the 20th Century

- White, Anglo-Saxon (Northern Europe), Protestant

"American WASP"

- Old Immigration: Predominantly British, German, and Scandinavian

- New Immigration: Southern and Eastern European; Large numbers of Catholic, Greek Orthodox, and Jewish immigrants

Push factors (Immigration)

factors that force an individual to move voluntarily, such as violence, poor wages/job opportunities, famine, pollution, lack of services

Pull factors (Immigration)

factors in the destination country that attract the individual or group to leave their home, such as better environment, safety, freedom, food availability, and quality of life

Nativism

the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants

Progressivism

support for or advocacy of social reform

Problems with city living

Poverty, Unsanitary conditions, Overpopulation, Crime, Disease

WWI

global conflict in Europe between the Allies and Central Powers, started after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and involved trench warfare and new weapons, ended in 1918 with a treaty blaming Germany, leading to World War II

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the US, who proposed the 14 points and had a policy of neutrality

Zimmerman Telegram

a message issued by Germany to Mexico intercepted by the US offering an alliance with Mexico

Lusitania

a British passenger ship with 128 Americans aboard that the Germans sunk

The Great Migration

The relocation of more than 6 million African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North, Midwest, and West

Harlem Renaissance

a period of vibrant artistic and cultural flourishing among African Americans, primarily in the 1920s and 1930s

Lost Generation

term for the generation that grew up during WW1 and developed a pessimistic view of the world; rejected traditional morals and often acted irrationally

Pearl Harbor

Japanese airplanes made surprise attacks on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, resulting in more than 2,400 people killed and many US battleships destroyed

Navajo Code Talkers

Navajo-speaking Marines who used their native language to transmit vital information during World War II

Tuskegee Airmen

the first Black group of military aviators in the U.S. Army Air Corps, destroyed 36 German planes in the air, 237 on the ground, and 1000 railroad/transport cars

Japanese Incarceration

the forced relocation and imprisonment of Japanese, alienated from their countries, trapped in military zones, and lived in unsafe, overcrowded detention centers guarded by armed soldiers

Women of the 6888th

the first and only all-black, all-female unit deployed overseas during World War II, responsible for sorting and redirecting mail for US soldiers

Communism

a political ideology and type of government in which the state owns the major resources in a society, including property, means of production, education, agriculture and transportation

Red Scare

wave of anti-Communism in 1950s

What were the 3 key features defined in the Cold War?

The threat of nuclear war, Competition over the loyalty of newly independent nations, The military and economic support of each other's enemies around the world.

The Cold War

a period of tension and indirect conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union, spanning from the end of World War II to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991

Anti-War Movement

influenced by the Civil Rights Movement, with Dr. King heavily protesting, including teach-ins, burning draft cards, and dodging the draft

Martin Luther King Jr

Civil rights activist who led the American Civil Rights Movement; advocated for equality for African Americans, playing a key role in the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act

Kent State Shooting

A 1970 incident where the Ohio National Guard shot and killed four students during a protest against the U.S. invasion of Cambodia, sparking national outrage

Vietnam War

a war conflict fought in Vietnam between North Vietnam, supported by communist nations, and South Vietnam, supported by the United States and its allies

Agent Orange and Napalm

powerful herbicides used by US military forces during the Vietnam War to eliminate forest cover and crops for North Vietnamese and Viet Cong troops

Women in Vietnam

Over 11,000 military women served in Vietnam in roles such as nurses, physicians, and intelligence officers, representing various military branches and aid organizations like the Red Cross

enslavement in the 19th century

transformation of industry (due to Industrial Revolution) between the Northern and Southern territories, increasing advocacy for abolition

enslavement in the 18th century

influenced by 17th century government action, solidified separation between people who are "white" and "nonwhite," destroys the "multiracial coalition"

enslavement in the 17th century

indentured servitude and slavery, slow progression of government changed to consider race as a race as a factor for forced labor