HAG Final

Precedent

standard set by the court to set an example that acts as a guide for future court(s) decisions.

Appeal court

Higher court that reviews decisions made by lower(often trial) courts.

5th Amendment

proper procedures. Gives due process from the federal government, the right against self incrimnination, and double jeopardy

Due process

• all government laws and procedures must be fair and reasonable when someone is accused of a crime

Exclusionary rule

Part of the 4th Amendment. Anything not found under a warrant can not be used in court. Precedent set by Mapp v. Ohio.

Establishment clause

separation of church and state

Mapp v. Ohio

Mapp was found to have illegal items in her home, but the searchers did not have a warrant. SC ruled in favor of Mapp under the 4th amendment’s exclusionary rule.

Miranda v. Arizona

Miranda was convicted of rape and armed robbery. SC ruled in favor of Miranda because he was not read his rights at the time of arrest in a 5-4 decision. These rights became known as the Miranda Rights. Relates to the 5th Amendment.

Tinker v. Des Moines

Tinker symbolically protested against Vietnam war. SC ruled in favor of Tinker setting the precedent that free speech in school is allowed if it does not distract learning. This relates to the 1st Amendment.

Lemon v. Kurtzman

Lemon is forced to pay taxes for religious schools. SC rules in favor of Lemon saying that there is separation of church and state relating to the free establishment clause of 1st Amendment

NJ v. TLO

TLO was smoking and questioned without a warrant. SC ruled in favor of NJ, setting the precedent that students can be searched without a warrant, overturning the Mapp v. Ohio precedent.

Bethel v. Fraser

Bethel school district suspends Fraser for making a sexual speech. SC ruled in favor of Bethel school district saying freedom of speech in school is not guaranteed. This relates to the 1st Amendment.

Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier

principal removes Kuhlmeier’s articles about teen pregnancy and divorce from the school paper. SC ruled in favor of Hazelwood school district saying freedom of press in school is not guaranteed. This relates to the 1st Amendment.

Roper v. Simmons

Simmons was charged with murder; however, he was under the age of 18, so he could not be administered the death penalty. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Simmons in a 5-4 decision related to the 8th Amendment.

Morse v. Fredrick

Morse school district suspends Fredrick for putting up a sign promoting drugs. SC rules in favor of Morse school district in 5-4 decision setting the precedent that speech advocating for drug use in schools is punishable, overturning Tinker v. Des Moines. Relates to the 1st Amendment.

Number of supreme court justices

9

Results of Civil War

13th Amendment outlaws slavery. The Union beat the Confederates, preserving the Union and bringing back the confederate states. This expanded federal authority over the states.

Scott v. Sandford

(Dred Scott Case) Supreme Court ruled that African Americans are not citizens, having no standing to sue the Supreme Court. This ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.

Plessy v. Furguson

In a 7-1 ruling, it established separate but equal laws. It said the Louisiana Separate Car Act was constitutional. Plessy was not allowed to sit in a white train car because he was ⅛ black.

Charles Houston

Harvard graduate who fought in WWI and experienced discrimination in the army. His goal was to end Jim Crow Laws. First, he showed teacher salaries were unequal.

Brown v. BoE

9-0 for Brown. Supreme Court ruling that stated that segregation has no place in schools. Charles Houston’s legacy.

15th Amendment

All men have the right to vote.

15th Amendment loopholes

Grandfather clause, literacy tests, and poll taxes

19th Amendment

Women have the right to vote. Passed in 1920. The work of the Women’s Suffrage movement.

24th Amendment

Outlaws poll taxes and any voting tax.

26th Amendment

Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18.

Ku Klux Klan

Violent white supremacist group that targeted African Americans and those who supported equality.

Reconstruction Era

Time after the Civil War that focused on rebuilding the economy and integrating freed slaves and the South into society. 13th (abolished slavery), 14th, and 15th Amendments were passed, and Lincoln created the 10% plan and the Freedmen’s Bureau, which failed.

Jim Crow Laws

Local/state laws mandating segregation.

Little Rock 9

Due to Brown v. BoE, 9 African American students attended an all-white school.

Sharecropping

farmers work in exchange for a share of crops. Loophole for the 13th Amendment (ratified slavery) because the money they received was barely enough to pay for everything given by their bosses. 

De facto segregation

Segregation based on the way of life.

De jure segregation

Segregation by law.

Murder of Emmett Till

Ignited the Civil Rights Movement. Emmett Till was killed by white men after “flirting.” His murderers were found innocent.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Led by MLK. African Americans boycotted buses because of the segregation in them.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, sex, sexual orientation, and national origin. Signed by Lyndon B. Johnson.

Voting Rights Act

Signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on August 6th, 1965, and outlawed literacy tests, prohibited voting discrimination, and gave racial minorities the right to vote.

The Jungle

Written by Upton Sinclair, a muckraker, The Jungle exposed the unsanitary working conditions in food factories. Led to the Pure Food and Drug Act and the creation of the FDA (Food and Drug Administration).

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

Worst workplace accident before 9/11. Exposed the dangerous conditions and lack of fire safety/safety regulations in workplaces.

The Fair Labor Standards Act

FLSA created minimum wage, banned child labor, and established maximum working hours.

The Progressive Era

Period when workers and women talk about having more rights and money

Feminine Mystique

A book by Betty Friedan that gave women a voice. It included interviews of women unsatisfied as housewives.

Why does Wilson end up supporting women’s suffrage?

He never really supports it, but he says that he does. Carrie Chapman Catt made a personal plea to the president. Information about the treatment of women suffragists in the jails/workhouses gets out to the public.

Alice Paul’s strategy

Gain the right to vote immediately and wanted a constitutional amendment. More militant than Catt.

Carrie Chapman Catt’s strategy

Slowly gain the right to vote by a state by state approach.

Cesar Chavez

Latino activist. Led United Farm Workers (UFW).

Dolores Huerta

Chavez’s sister in law. Began with the Community Service Organization (CSO). Worked with Chavez in the UFW in the 1960s. Became part of the feminist movement after meeting Gloria Steinem.

Stonewall riots

Started the gay rights movement. First time homosexuals stood up for themselves.

Obergefell v. Hodges

State bans on same-sex marriages are unconstitutional. DOMA is unconstitutional.

Bostock v. Clayton County

Under the Civil Rights Act, you cannot be fired for being gay. 

Title IX

Guarantees equal government funding for women’s sports.

Don’t Ask Don’t Tell

In the military, not going to ask if gay, but if they find out, then they are charged. Increased prejudice in the military.

DOMA

(Defense of Marriage Act) Defines marriage as union between man and a woman. 

DACA

(Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals) Allows those who were children when they arrived in the U.S. to apply for legal status and qualify for financial aid.

Issues related to Native Americans today

• Reservations with poor conditions such as: lack of running water, jobs, and healthcare, high levels of poverty, massive alcoholism, diabetic and obesity rates, and high school dropout rates.

• Mascots in sports, media, corporations, schools, etc.

• Violence against Native American women

• Underrepresentation in government

• Dakota Pipeline

Issues related to LGBTQ+ rights today

• Transgender rights 

• Violence/hate crimes

• Lack of anti-discrimination laws 

• “Don’t Say Gay” laws(cannot teach about LGBTQ+ in schools)

• Education in school (discussion in health regarding the LGBTQ+ community)

• Lack of healthcare coverage and refusal of healthcare by doctors 

• Adoption rights

Buck v. Bell

the sterilization of the ‘feeble-minded' was deemed legal. Today, it is still legal, especially in detention centers and prisons.

IDEA

(Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) act from 1975 that allows everyone/anyone to have an education. It made schools responsible for figuring out how to teach students with disabilities. Guarantees students with disabilities an IEP(Individualized Education Program).

Capital Crawl/ADA

(Americans with Disabilities Act) Ensures accommodations for people with disabilities, such as ramps in buildings. Passed as a response to the Capitol Crawl in 1990 which showed how inaccessible the world is, and showed how the government is out of reach for the disabled.

There is no such thing as a free lunch

Nothing is really free, since everything uses limited resources, labour, and time to produce (“No such thing as a free lunch”).

Scarcity

universal problem that cannot be solved; limited resources, unlimited wants and needs. How a nation chooses to deal with scarcity determines how its government and/or economy functions. 

Factors of Production

Something that is used to produce and distribute goods and services. Includes land, labour, capital, and entrepreneurship. Respective examples of each are a forest, a cashier, a computer, and Bill Gates.

Economic Indicators

A statistic that we look at to see how the economy is doing, such as the Gross Domestic Product(GDP, #1 indicator), Consumer Price Index(CPI), Unemployment rates, sales, rate of inflation, and the Stock Market. National debt is not a good indicator.

Market System

type of economic system that has no government intervention, and prices for goods and services are influenced by consumers. The economy regulates itself (Laissez-faire).

USA system

Mixed Market System. The U.S. has some government intervention.

• Economic Equity: Everyone has the same opportunity to get rich, no matter where they come from, how much money they have, etc.

• Economic Security: Unemployment benefits, food stamps, welfare, and minimum wage.

Mixed system

combo of freedom and security

Command system

gov’t controls all factors of production and its number one goal is equity

Opportunity cost

the value you sacrifice (next best) because of scarcity. Does not involve money.

Trade-off

The act of getting something but giving up something else in order to get it. Happens because of scarcity.

Macroeconomics

the study of the economy as a whole; the big picture.

Progressive tax system

The tax system of the US. A tax system that takes a larger proportion of income from high-income people than low-income people.

GDP

(Gross Domestic Product) The dollar amount of all new goods, services, and structures produced within a country’s national borders in one year.

CPI

(Consumer Price Index) The overall change in prices over a small amount of time. Rate of inflation over a small period of time.

Excise Tax

“sinful” what the federal government has deemed not good for us that goes to the federal and state governments. When buying beer, you pay sales and excise taxes.

Deficit v National Debt

Deficit is how much more the government spends than earns in one year. National debt is the accumulation of deficit.

Sales Tax

taxes on sold goods or items that go to the state government.

Property Tax

Taxes paid by anyone who owns property that go to local and state governments.

Top federal tax revenue

income tax

Items not included in the GDP

used goods already included in GDP, intermediate products (parts of a whole), non-market transactions (ex. mowing lawns), underground economy (illegal transactions such as the purchase of cocaine)

Recession

when the GDP goes down 6 CONSECUTIVE months