T13 vaccines & immunizations

groups that benefit from passive immunization

immunodeficiency, infection risk

passive immunization - types

polyclonal antibody, monoclonal antibody

passive or active immunization has high level of antibodies since the start

passive

what cell detects vaccine antigen

dendritic cells

dendritic cells function after in contact with antigen

present antigen on MHC II → stimulate CD4+ T cells

what molecules helps vaccine antigen function better 

adjuvant

how is adjuvant administered

same time as vaccine

what route of vaccine administration is used for diseases that shed to feces

oral delivery

what does a live-attenuated vaccine use

living but weakened version of virus/bacteria

disadvanatages of live-attenuated vaccines

hard to keep (refridgerated), can cause disease if mutated, can’t use in immuno-compromised & pregnant 

live-attenuated vaccines for bacteria include…

BCG (for TB) & cholera

live-attenuated vaccines for virus includes…

MMR, oral polio, poxvirus diseases

dengue vaccine - types

dengvaxia & qdenga

how is dengvaxia formulated

17D gene of yellow fever virus replaced by gene of dengue virus (all 4 serotypes)

how many serotypes does dengue virus have

4

how is qdenga formulated

use body of DENV2 → insert gene of dengue serotype 1,3,4 into body of DENV2 → protect against all 4 serotypes 

which vaccine should be given to people who have never been infected with dengue

qdenga

which vaccine should be given for people that have been previously infected with dengue

dengvaxia 

which vaccine is a monkey virus vaccine

JYNNEOS vaccine

JYNNEOS vaccine - time of dosage applications

2 doses → 4 weeks apart

JYNNEOS vaccine - route of administration and doses

standard (0.5mL subcutaneous) or alternative (0.1mL intradermal)

inactivated (killed) vaccines - advantages

safe, stable (don’t need to be kept under good conditions)

inactivated (killed) vaccine - disadvantages

short-lasting immunity, multiple dose required, require adjuvant

inactivated (killed) vaccines for bacterial infection include….

pertussis

inactivated (killed) vaccines for virus infection include…

polio (PV) & influenza 

live attenuated vaccine is contraindicated in…

subjects with primary immunodeficiency, pregnant people, children

what is the immune response generated by polysaccharide vaccines

activate T cell-independent immune response → produce short-lived plasma cells

polysaccharide vaccines are contraindicated in…

children under 2 year

contraindicated group for polysaccharide vaccine - treat with what instead

polysaccharide conjugated vaccine

mechanism of conjugated polysaccharide vaccine

polysaccharide conjugated with protein → change polysaccharide to protein structure → immune cell remember → generated long-lived plasma cell

what vaccine is used for haemophilus influenza type B

Hib vaccine 

what type is Hib vaccine

conjugated polysaccharide vaccine

types of vaccines for streptococcus pneumoniae

pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) & pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13)

usually how are vaccines for prevention of streptococcus pneumoniae infection administered 

start with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) then use pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) after 

mechanism of surface protein subunit vaccines

promote T-dependent immune response → generate long-lived plasma cells 

what components does surface protein subunit vaccine use

purified proteins from pathogens to induce an immune response 

what are the components in a toxoid vaccine

inactivated bacterial toxins, adjuvants (aluminum or calcium salts)

example of toxoid vaccine

RdaP (tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis vaccine)

what kind of tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (TDP) vaccine is given to children less than 7 yrs

DTaP (full conc of D, T, P)

what kind of HPV vaccines are there

bivalent, quadrivalent, 9-valent

bivalent HPV provide immunity against what serotypes (and cancers)?

type 16,18 → against cervical cancer

quadrivalent HPV provide immunity against what serotypes (and cancers)?

types 6,11,16,18 → against vaginal, cervical cancer, and genital warts

mRNA vaccine - advanatge

no risk of infection, not integrate into host genome

mRNA vaccine - disadvanatge

limit to protein antigens, poor stability

mechanism of mRNA vaccine

mRNA goes into host cell → directly translate protein → proteins present MHC II → interact with B cells → produce antibodies 

recombinant viral vectors vaccine - components

DNA used instead of RNA

recombinant viral vector vaccine is carried into host cell how?

virus as carrier 

mRNA vaccine is carried into host cell how?

liposome as carrier

which vaccines are recommended for pregnant women during pregnancy 

inactivated influenza vaccine & TdaP (high conc T, low conc D,P)

which vaccines are contraindicated for breastfeeding women

smallpox vaccines (no live vaccines)

pertussis vaccine can cause what severe side effect

unexplained encephalopathy