SOCI 101 Final Exam

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85 Terms

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Disease

A pathological condition with identifiable signs or symptoms, often studied in terms of its social distribution and meaning.

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Epigenetics

The study of how external or environmental factors can alter gene expression without changing DNA itself.

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Health disparities*

Unequal health outcomes across different populations due to factors like race, class, or geography.

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Illness

The subjective experience of being unwell, shaped by cultural meanings and social context.

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Medical model*

An approach that frames health issues as biological and individual, often overlooking social factors.

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Medicalization

The process of labeling normal life variations or problems as medical conditions requiring treatment.

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Morbidity

The rate or incidence of disease within a population.

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Mortality

The rate of death within a population.

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Roseto effect*

Health benefits observed in a socially cohesive community, illustrating the power of social support.

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Sick Role

A concept describing the rights and responsibilities of those who are recognized as ill in society.

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Social determinants of health

The conditions in which people live, work, and age that affect health outcomes.

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Social gradients of health*

The concept that health outcomes improve incrementally with higher socioeconomic status.

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Social model*

A view that emphasizes how social structures and environments impact health more than biology alone.

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Stress*

A physiological and emotional response to perceived challenges, linked to social and health outcomes.

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Weathering hypothesis

Theory that chronic stress causes premature aging and health deterioration, especially in marginalized groups.

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Anthropocene

Epoch in which human activity is the dominant influence on climate and the environment—linked to industrialization and ecological crisis.

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Anthropogenic climate change

Global climate change driven by human activities like fossil fuel use and deforestation.

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Epistemology

The study of how we know what we know; foundational to debates in science and knowledge production.

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Global warming

The observed rise in Earth’s average temperature due to increased greenhouse gas emissions.

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Normal science

Scientific research conducted within the bounds of an accepted framework or paradigm.

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Paradigm

A dominant set of theories and practices that guide scientific research within a field.

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Paradigm shift

A fundamental transformation in scientific thinking when prevailing theories can no longer explain anomalies.

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Risk society

A concept describing how modern societies are increasingly preoccupied with future risks, especially those of technological or environmental origin.

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Sociology of knowledge

A field that examines how social factors shape what is accepted as knowledge or truth.

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Thomas Kuhn

Philosopher of science known for his theory of paradigm shifts and how science evolves through revolutions.

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Attention economy*

A system where human attention is treated as a scarce commodity and monetized by digital platforms.

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Divide et impera

Strategy of 'divide and conquer' where power is maintained by fostering conflict between subgroups.

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Dyad

A group of two people—the simplest form of social relationship.

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Embeddedness

The extent to which ties in a social network are reinforced through indirect relationships.

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Isomorphism

The process by which similar organizations evolve to resemble one another due to shared conditions or pressures.

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Large groups

Groups with formal structure and status differentiation, often found in institutions like schools or companies.

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Mediator

A third party in a triad who helps resolve conflict between the other two members.

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Organization

A structured social group with a defined purpose and boundary from the wider society.

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Party

A multifocal group defined by multiple simultaneous interactions, different from a unifocal small group.

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Reference group

A group used to evaluate or understand one's own position or behavior in society.

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Robert Putnam

Sociologist known for Bowling Alone, where he argues that declining social capital and community participation in the U.S. has led to increased isolation and weakened democracy.

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Small groups

Groups marked by face-to-face interaction, lack of formal structure, and a unifocal focus.

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Social capital

The resources and advantages gained from social networks and connections.

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Social network

A web of social ties connecting individuals to others through various forms of relationships.

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Social network analysis (SNA)*

The study of social structures through nodes (individuals) and ties (relationships).

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Strength of weak ties

Granovetter’s theory that indirect or weaker social ties can provide new information or opportunities.

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Strong tie*

A close, emotionally intense relationship such as family or best friends.

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Tertius gaudens

Latin for 'the third who rejoices'; someone who benefits from conflict between others in a triad.

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Tie

The connection or relationship between individuals in a social network.

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Triad

A group of three people, more complex than a dyad due to potential alliances and conflict.

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Weak tie*

A less close relationship that often provides access to novel resources or information.

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Alternative social movements

Movements targeting limited change for a small group (e.g., MADD).

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Classical model

Theory that social movements emerge from societal strain and psychological distress.

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Coalescence

The second stage of a social movement where it begins to organize and mobilize resources.

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Collective action

Action that diverges from social norms and is undertaken by a group.

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Contagion theory

Theory that collective behavior spreads through a crowd like a virus due to emotional influence.

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Convergence theory

Theory that collective action arises when people with similar ideas gather.

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Emergence

The first stage of a movement when people become aware of a problem.

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Grassroots organization

A movement that starts locally with community members and lacks centralized leadership.

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Institutionalization

The final stage where a movement becomes formalized, bureaucratic, or mainstream.

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Modernity

Social period marked by rationality, bureaucracy, and shifting group affiliations.

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Political process model

Theory that social movements succeed when political conditions and opportunities are favorable.

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Post-modernity

Social relations characterized by questioning the notion of progress and history

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Premodernity

Period of society with traditional norms, low division of labor, and close social ties.

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Redemptive social movements

Movements targeting radical personal change in specific individuals (e.g., religious rehab).

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Reformative social movements

Movements aiming for limited change across society (e.g., environmental policy).

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Resource-mobilization theory

Theory that movements need material and organizational resources to succeed.

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Revolutionary social movements

Movements seeking total and radical transformation of a society.

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Social movement

Purposeful, organized collective action seeking change or resisting it.

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Conflict theory

Sociological perspective focusing on power struggles and inequality between groups competing over scarce resources.

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Emile Durkheim

Founding sociologist who studied social cohesion and anomie; emphasized how norms and institutions maintain societal stability.

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Functionalism

Theoretical approach that sees society as a complex system where each part contributes to the whole’s functioning and stability.

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Gender

A social construct defining roles, behaviors, and expectations associated with masculinity and femininity in a given society.

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Ideology of individualism*

Belief that success or failure is entirely due to personal choices, ignoring structural or systemic inequalities.

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Judith Butler

Philosopher and gender theorist known for arguing that gender is performative—shaped by repeated actions, not biology.

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Karl Marx

Theorist who analyzed class conflict, capitalism, and the role of economic systems in shaping social life and inequality.

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Kimberle Crenshaw

Legal scholar who coined 'intersectionality' to describe how race, gender, and other identities intersect to shape discrimination.

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Max Weber

Sociologist who explored bureaucracy, rationalization, and the link between Protestant ethics and the rise of capitalism.

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Pierre Bourdieu

French sociologist who introduced concepts like social capital, habitus, and cultural capital to explain power and inequality.

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Positivism

Scientific approach based on observable, measurable facts; emphasizes empirical data and objectivity in studying society.

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Qualitative methods

Research methods focused on understanding meaning and experience through interviews, observations, or text analysis.

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Quantitative methods

Research methods involving numerical data and statistical analysis to study patterns and relationships in society.

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Race

A socially constructed category used to classify people based on perceived physical differences with real social implications.

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Social construction

Theory that our understanding of reality, including concepts like race or gender, is shaped by social processes and interaction.

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Social control

Mechanisms a society uses—laws, norms, institutions—to regulate behavior and maintain social order.

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Sociological imagination

C. Wright Mills' idea of connecting personal experiences to broader social and historical forces.

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Strands of feminism*

Different feminist approaches including liberal, radical, intersectional, and socialist, each with unique focuses on gender inequality.

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Symbolic interactionism

Perspective that focuses on how individuals create and interpret symbols and meanings through social interaction.

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W.E.B. Dubois

Pioneering sociologist and civil rights activist who studied race, double consciousness, and helped found the NAACP.

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Social determinants of health
Conditions like income, education, housing, and neighborhood environment that shape people's health outcomes and access to care.