AP EURO Princeton Review Ch. 4 Terms

Georgio Vasari

Renaissance artist who coined the term "rebirth"

Rebirth

word Georgio Vasari used to describe the Renaissance; "rinascito"

Renaissance

period where significant contributions were made to Western civilization, with particular gains in literature, art, philosophy, and political and historical thought

individualism

main aspect of the Renaissance; people sought to receive personal credit for their achievements

printing press

allowed cultural trends of the Renaissance to spread all across Europe

city states

how Italy was arranged during the Renaissance

Northern Renaissance

printing press resulted in this; this dealt with religious concerns and laid the foundation of Protestantism

Holy Roman Empire

this controlled the towns of Italy during the Middle Ages

popolo

the urban underclass of Italy during the Renaissance; "the people"

Ciompi Revolt

revolt staged by the popolo that shook Florence to its very core and resulted in a period where the poor established tenuous control over the government

Medici

wealthy family that controlled Florence; was a banking family

the papal states

one of the few dominant states of Italy during the Renaissance

patron

wealthy Italian merchants that insisted on secular art forms; would support artists

Humanism

a program of study, including rhetoric and literature, based on what students in the classical world would have studied

Francesco Petrarch

considered the father of humanism; coined the phrase Dark Ages about the Middle Ages

Dark Ages

phrase coined by Petrarch to describe the Middle Ages

Cicero

an important politician and philosopher whose writings provide an account of the collapse of the Roman republic; brilliant Latin stylist

civic humanists

young Florentines who studied classical Greek; served Florence as diplomats or worked in the chancellery office

Castiglione

author of The Courtier; wrote about the "Renaissance Man"

Lorenzo Valla

proved the Donation of Constantine could not have been written by Constantine; focused on language

Plato

Greek philosopher who believed that ideals such as beauty or truth exist beyond the ability of our sense to recognize them

Pico della Mirandola

wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man; writes about the positive Platonic ideal of the human potential of man

Florentine Platonic Academy

sponsored by Cosimo d'Medici; created Neoplatonism

Neoplatonism

a merge of platonic philosophy with Christianity

Leonardo Bruni

created an educational program for women, but left out the study of rhetoric or public speech

Christine de Pisan

daughter of physician to King Charles V; received humanist education and wrote The City of Ladies

fresco

In the Middle Ages, painting consisted of this on wet plaster or tempera on wood

single point perspective

a style used in the Renaissance in which all elements within a painting converge at a single point in the distance; allowed artists to create realistic settings

High Renaissance

end of the 15th century, center of the Renaissance moved from Florence to Rome

Pope Juius II

patron to Michelangelo; interested in the arts and sought to beautify their city

Mannerism

Late Renaissance; are that showed distorted figures and confusing themes and may have reflected the growing sense of crisis in the Italian world due to both religious and political problems

Leonardo da Vinci

Renaissance man; military engineer, architect, sculptor, scientist, inventor; painted Mona Lisa

Raphael

painted The School of Athens; lived in Urbino; was give important commissions in the Vatican palaces

The School of Athens

painting by Raphael that shows Plato and Aristotle standing together in a fanciful classical structure

Michelangelo

skilled in numerous areas; created of David and worked on the Sistine Chapel

David

sculpture created by Michelangelo; propaganda work to inspire the citizens in their long struggle against the overwhelming might of Milan

Sistine Chapel

Pope Julius II commissioned Michelangelo to work on this

Christian Humanists

wanted a deeper understanding of Christianity by studying early Christian authors

Desiderius Erasmus

famous Christian humanist; disagreed with Luther; wanted to reform the Church, not abandon it

Adages

collection of Erasmus of ancient and contemporary proverbs

In Praise of Folly

book by Erasmus that uses satire to criticize what he thought were the problems of the Church

Handbook of the Christian Knight

written by Erasmus; emphasized the idea of inner faith as opposed to the outer forms of worship

Acts of the Apostles

part of the Bible that Erasmus analyzed

Sir Thomas More

important northern humanist; writer of Utopia; beheaded for not recognizing King Henry VIII as head of Church of England

Utopia

book written by Thomas More; sought to depict a civilization in which political and economic injustices were limited by having all property held in common

Albrecht Durer

brilliant draftsman of the Northern Renaissance; woodcuts lent support to Lutheran revolution; he moved illiterate peasants

Geoffrey Chaucer

author of Canterbury Tales; english man

Boccaccio

author of The Decameron;

The Decameron

written by Boccaccio; the Canterbury Tales were based on this

Elizabethan Renaissance

period of time where a sheer number of men with talent during reign of Elizabeth

Christopher Marlowe and Ben Jonson

writers of significant repute during the Northern Renaissance

Shakespeare

writer of Hamlet and King Lear; unrivaled genius of the Northern Renaissance

Hamelt and King Lear

works that reveal and unsurpassed understanding of the human psyche as well as a genius for dramatic intensity

Johannes Gutenberg

introduced the movable type to western Europe

Protestant Reformation

resulted in the great split in Western Christendom, which dethroned the pope as the single religious authority in Europe

Catholic Reformation

the catholic response to the Protestant Reformation

Black Death

a ferocious outbreak of plague that struck the population of Europe

anticlericalism

a measure of disrespect toward the clergy, stemming in part from what many perceived to be the poor performance of individual clergyman during the crisis years of the plague

pietism

the notion of a direct relationship between the individual and God; reduced the importance of the hierarchical Church based in Rome

Great Schism

resulted in three competing pope excommunicating each other

John Wycliffe

English man who lived during the Middle Ages; questioned the worldly wealth of the Church, the miracle of transubstantiation, the teachings of penance, and the selling of indulgences; translated the Bible into English

Lollards

followers of John Wycliffe

Jan Hus

Bohemian man; led a revolt that combined religious and nationalistic elements; argued that is was the authority of the Bible that ultimately mattered

Council of Constance

the council that condemned Jan Hus as a heretic and burned him at the stake

Pope Martin V

the pope what called forth the Council of Constance

selling of indulgences

a corrupt act of the Church which claimed released the buyer from purgatory into heaven

Albert of Hohenzollern

borrowed money from a banking family to pay off his debt; raised money from the preaching of indulgences

Fuggers

great banking family of the age of Albert of Hohenzollern

Johann Tetzel

a Dominican friar; was sent to preach the indulgence throughout Germany

95 Theses

Luther's reaction to the selling of indulgences posted on the door of the Castle Church at Wittenburg

Wittenburg

place where Luther hung his 95 Theses

Pope Leo X

pope who reacted to Luther's ideas

John Eck

challenged Luther at a debate in Leipzig

Frederick the Elector of Saxony

an important patron of Luther

Diet of Worms

a meeting of the German nobility where Luther was asked to recant his ideas

Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor

person who asked Luther at the Diet of Worms to repubideate his books "and the errors they contain"?

sacraments

this is a Luther attacked concerning the Catholic church; reduced them to two

transubstantiation

the miraculous transformation of the bread and wine into the flesh and blood of Christ; this idea was rejected by Luther

German Peasants' Revolt

this revolt was a result of the German peasants' worsening economic conditions and their belief

Twelve Articles

where the beliefs of the peasants in the German Peasants' Revolt was held

"priesthood of all believers"

peasants believed this message of Luther was a message of social egalitarianism

Emperor Maximilion

when this man died, his heir Charles V and French King Francis I argued over the throne

Charles V and Francis I

these two men argued for the throne after Emperor Maximilian died

Schmalkaldic War

war fought between Charles and some of the Protestant princes

Peace of Augsburg

treaty that guaranteed legal recognition of Lutheranism in those territories ruled by a Lutheran ruler, which a Catholic ruler ensured that the territory remain Catholic

Radical Reformation

term used to describe a variety of religious sects that developed during the 16th century, inspired in part by Luther's challenge to the established Church

Anabaptists

a group of the Radical Reformation that began to deny the idea of infant baptism

Antitrinitarians

a group of the Radical Reformation who denied the scriptural validity of the Trinity

Ulrich Zwingli

part of the reformation in Zurich, Switzerland; rejected the veneration of saints and all sacraments

John Calvin

lived in Geneva, Switzerland; wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion; believed in predestination

Calvinism

the established Church in Scotland

Huguenots

name for Calvinists in France

Henry VIII

king during the English Reformation

The Defence of the Seven Sacraments

pamphlet written by Henry VIII that criticizes Martin Luther

King's Great Matter

phrase used to describe King Henry VIII's attempt to end his marriage to his Spanish wife

Catherin of Aragon

King Henry VIII's first wife who failed to produce an heir

Anne Boleyn

second wife to King Henry VIII

Reformation Parliament

parliament created by King Henry VIII that was a tool to give him ultimate authority on religious matters

Act in Restraint of Appeals

declared that all spiritual cases within the Kingdom were within the King's jurisdiction and authority and not the pope's

Elizabeth Tudor

first child of Henry VIII