Exam 1 - Medical terminology

A Greek or Latin word which has been adopted into medical English without any change to its spelling is called a ___________.

loan word

A medical term that is derived from the name of a person or legendary figure is called an ___________.

eponym

___________ are words obtained from other languages by modifying the spelling of the original word.

Derivatives

___________ are medical terms formed by adding multiple Greek or Latin word elements (i.e. prefix, root, and suffix) together.

Compound words

Based on its etymological entry [Prometheus, a Titan in Greek mythology who is associated with creating humans], "Promethium" is an ___________.

eponym

Based on its etymological entry [L. saeptum, a wall, barrier

+ Gr. plassein, to form], "Septoplasty" is a ___________.

compound word

Based on its etymological entry [L. rostrum, snout, beak, prow of a ship, a speaker's platform], "Rostrum" is a ___________.

loan word

Based on its etymological entry [Gr. konos, pine cone], "Cone" is a ___________.

derivative

Because ___________ ___________ do not change the core meaning of Greek or Latin words, only the grammatical usages, their removal reveals the roots of words.

Gr. soma, somatos - inflectional ending -os = Root SOMAT‐, body

inflectional endings

The three types of word elements are ___________, ____________, and _____________.

prefixes, roots, suffixes

The fundamental part of a Greek or Latin word which expresses the basic meaning of the Greek or Latin word is called the ___________. This type of word element is derived from Greek and Latin ____________, ____________, and ____________.

root, nouns, adjectives, verbs

A __________ is added to the beginning of a compound term. It modifies the term conveying concepts such as _______, _______, _______, _______, and _________.

prefix, time, quantity, quality, position, direction

A _________ is a word element added to the end of a term to modify its meaning. In addition to adding meaning to root, it reveals a medical term is to be used as a __________, ___________, ___________, or an ______________.

suffix, noun, adjective, verb, adverb

Certain combinations of root and suffix which frequently occur together, such as -MEGALY, are called ___________ _________.

compound suffixes

-STASIS is an example of a Greek word being used as a ___________.

suffix

A _______ _______ is used to join a root to another root or to a suffix.

combining vowel

A root plus a combining vowel is called a _________ _________.

combining form

A combining vowel is used to join a root to another _________, as well as a root to a _________ if it begins with a consonant.

root, suffix

A combining vowel is not used to join a root to a suffix if the suffix begins with a ______________.

vowel

The most common combining vowels are ______ and _____. Less common combining vowels are _____, ______, and _____.

o, i, a, y, u

HEMAT‐ (root) + POIESIS (suffix) = ______________

Hematopoiesis

VAS‐ (root) + ECTOMY (suffix) = ________________

Vasectomy

GASTR‐ (root) + ENTER‐ (root) + ‐CELE (suffix) = ___________

Gastroenterocele

VEN‐ (root) + VEN‐ (root) + ‐STOMY (suffix) = ______________

Venovenostomy

ANGI‐ (root) + ECTASIS (suffix) = ____________

Angiectasis

ANGI‐ (root) + ECTOMY (suffix) =

angiectomy

OSTE‐ (root) + MEGALY (suffix) =

osteomegal

VEN‐ (root) + ARTERI‐ (root) + OMA (suffix) =

venoarterioma

The process of ______________ explains why the final vowel of a root or prefix may not be present in a medical term.

elision

If a root ends with the _______ ________ that the following root or suffix begins with, the final vowel of the root is usually omitted.

same vowel

If a prefix ends with a ________ and the following root or suffix begins with a ________, the final vowel of the prefix is typically omitted.

vowel, vowel

The process of ______________ explains why a prefix may change its terminal consonant.

assimilation

Internal vowel changes which occur to make new words are called ________________ __________.

vowel gradation (ablaut)

CARDI (root) + ITIS (suffix) = Carditis

Elision of the vowel "i" from the root CARDI‐

PARA‐ (prefix) + ENTER‐ (root) + AL (suffix) = parenteral ___________________

Elision of the vowel "a" from the prefix PARA‐

OSTE‐ (root) + ECTOMY (suffix) = ostectomy __________________

Elision of the vowel "e" from the root OSTE‐

CON‐ (prefix) + LIG (root) + ATE (suffix) = colligate_________________

Assimilation of the consonant "N" to "L" with the prefix CON‐

EPI‐ (prefix) + ARTERI‐ (root) + AL (suffix) = eparterial _____________________

Elision of the vowel "i" from the prefix EPI‐

SYN‐ (prefix) + BI‐ (root) + OSIS (suffix) = symbiosis _______________________

Assimilation of the consonant "N" to "M" with the prefix SYN‐

As a general rule of thumb when arriving at a definition of a term through word analysis, the _________ should be translated 1st, followed by the _________, and then the ___________ or ___________.

suffix, prefix, root, roots

The roots PHREN‐ and OXY‐ are examples of word elements which have more than one ________________.

meaning

The ____________ ___________ of a compound term is derived through word analysis. This meaning is not always the same as the definition in the dictionary.

literal meaning

PED‐ is derived from two different words with completely different meanings, which makes it a ________________.

homograph

The Greek letter φ is transliterated into English as the letters _________.

PH

The Greek letter χ is transliterated into English as the letters _________.

CH

The Latin diphthongs ae and oe are often transliterated as the letter _____ in American English.

E

The Latin i is sometimes transliterated as a letter ______ in Latin words such as major.

J

With derivatives in English, there is a tendency to drop the __________ ___________ of Latin words.

inflectional endings

The Greek kappa, when transliterated into English, appears either as a letter ______ or as a letter ______.

K, C

The Greek diphthongs "ei," "ou," "ai," and "oi" are often rendered as the letters______, _____, _____, and _____ in American English.

I, U, E, E

The Greek rho is transliterated as the letter combination ____ at the beginning of a word and as the letter _____ in the middle of a word. Notable exceptions to this rule are the suffixes _________, __________, __________, and __________.

RH, R, ‐rrhaphy, ‐rrhea, ‐rrhage, ‐rrhexis

The Greek upsilon is transliterated to the English letter _____ or the letter ______.

U, Y

The inflectional endings of some Greek loan words are simply dropped because English grammar does not require such endings. In other cases, the Greek ending may be changed to a silent ______, or a voiced _____ may be added.

E, Y

In scientific Latin and English, Greek inflectional endings are often changed into _________ inflectional endings, for example, "os" becoming "us."

Latin

ἀρθριτις =

arthritis

γλωττα = _______________

glotta

θωραξ = _______________

thorax

χολερα = _______________

cholera

ψυχη = _______________

psyche

ἐκζεμα = _______________

eczema

blastoma = ______________________

blastomata

papilla = ______________________

papillae

lumen= ______________________

lumina

enteritis = ______________________

enteritides

endocardia

endocardium = ______________________

satyriasis = ______________________

satyriases

encephala

encephalon = ______________________

cortices

cortex = ______________________

nevus = ______________________

nevi

intussuscipiens = ______________________

intussuscipientes

The pt in pterygium makes a/an _____ sound.

t

The mn in mnemonic makes a/an ______ sound.

n

The ch in chirality makes a/an ______ sound.

k

The g in phagic makes a/an _____ sound.

j

The es in stapes makes a/an ______ sound.

ēz

The ei in meibomian makes a/an _____ sound.

ī

The c in caecum makes a/an ______ sound.

s

The x in xeroderma makes a/an ______ sound.

z

The sia in polychromasia makes a/an ______ or a _______ sound.

zhă, zēă

The pn in orthopnea makes a/an _______ sound.

pn

The ae in paederus makes a/an _______ sound.

ē

The chth in chthonic makes a/an ______ sound.

th

The x is taxis makes a/an _________sound.

ks

The t in aproctia makes a/an _______sound

sh

The oi in koilonychia makes a/an _________sound.

oy

The oe in coelom makes a/an _________sound.

ē

Juxta‐ beside, near to

Juxtapyloric = ___________________

Demifacet = _____________________

Demi‐ half, part

Symbiotic = _____________________

Sym‐ together, with

Agnosia = ____________________

A‐ not, without

Dissection = ____________________

Dis- apart from, separate

Postpartum =

Post- after, behind

Transurethral = __________________

Trans‐ across, through

Analeptic = ____________________

Ana‐ up, back, against, again

Palilalia = _____________________

Pali‐ again, once more, backward

Metastasis = ____________________

Meta- after, beyond, change

Catatonic = ____________________

Cata- down, downward, against, complete, (intensive)

Hypertonic = ___________________

Hyper‐ above, beyond, excessive

Ambidextrous = _________________

Ambi‐ around, on both sides, both

Abduction =

Ab‐ away from