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Memory, Encoding, Storage, Retrieval, Multi-Store Memory Model, Types of LTM, Processes of Memory, Key Concepts
What is Encoding?
The process of transforming sensory input into a form that can be stored in memory.
What are the key stages of encoding?
Acoustic encoding, visual encoding, semantic encoding.
What is Storage in memory?
The process of maintaining information over time.
What are the three types of memory storage?
Sensory register, short-term memory (STM), long-term memory (LTM).
What is Retrieval?
The process of accessing stored information when needed.
What are the types of retrieval?
Recognition and recall.
What is the Multi-Store Model of Memory?
A model that describes memory as consisting of sensory register, short-term store, and long-term store.
What are the key features of the Multi-Store Model?
Information flow, duration, and capacity.
What is the Working Memory Model?
A model that explains short-term memory functions with components: central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer.
How does the Working Memory Model differ from the Multi-Store Model?
It provides a more dynamic view of short-term memory's processes.
What is Episodic Memory?
Memory of personal experiences and specific events, including contextual details.
What is Semantic Memory?
General knowledge and facts about the world, independent of personal experience.
What is Procedural Memory?
Memory for skills and actions that are often unconscious (e.g., riding a bike).
What did Baddeley and Hitch investigate?
They studied how working memory handles dual tasks, showing that the central executive allocates resources.
What is the Primacy Effect?
The tendency to remember items at the beginning of a list better than those in the middle.
What is the Recency Effect?
he tendency to remember items at the end of a list better than those in the middle.
What was Murdock's investigation about?
He conducted serial position experiments showing that items at the beginning and end of a list are remembered better.
What is the Sensory Register and what does it do?
The initial stage of memory that holds incoming sensory information for a very brief period (less than a second) and allows for the selection of information to be further processed.
What is the difference between Short-term Memory (STM) and Long-term Memory (LTM)?
STM:
Capacity: 7 ± 2 items
Duration: About 20-30 seconds
Function: Holds information temporarily for immediate use.
LTM:
Capacity: Unlimited
Duration: Can last from minutes to a lifetime
Function: Stores information for extended periods.
What is the capacity of the sensory register?
Capacity: Very large
Duration: Less than 1 second
Function: Briefly holds all sensory information.
What role does the Central Executive play in the Working Memory Model?
Manages attention and coordinates information from the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad.
What is the Phonological Loop?
A component of working memory that deals with verbal and auditory information.
Capacity: Limited to about 2 seconds of speech.
Function: Stores and rehearses speech-based information.
What is the Visuospatial Sketchpad?
A component of working memory that handles visual and spatial information.
Function: Allows manipulation of visual images.
What is the Episodic Buffer?
A component of working memory that integrates information from different sources and provides a sense of time.
Function: Connects visual and verbal information.
What is Dual Processing?
Refers to the ability to process information simultaneously through different cognitive systems (e.g., automatic vs. controlled processing).
What is the significance of Baddeley and Hitch's research?
Showed that working memory can handle dual tasks without interference, suggesting that different components can function simultaneously.
What are the main components of the Working Memory Model?
Central Executive, Phonological Loop, Visuospatial Sketchpad, and Episodic Buffer.
What are the functions of Long-term Memory?
Storing vast amounts of information over extended periods, enabling learning and personal identity.
What role does rehearsal play in memory?
Helps transfer information from short-term to long-term memory through repetition.
What is Semantic Memory Encoding?
The process of converting information into a format that can be stored in the semantic memory.
What is the Role of Attention in Memory?
Attention acts as a filter, determining which information is encoded into memory.
What is the Multi-Store Model of Memory?
A theory proposing that memory consists of three stores: sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
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