Post-Lab Quiz 4 - 232 Lab

External nares

Nasal Cavity

Concha

Pharynx: Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx

Larynx

Epiglottis

Glottis

Vocal Cord / Vocal Folds

Thyroid Cartilage

Cricoid Cartilage

Esophagus (not respiratory)

Trachea

1° Bronchi (main/primary)

2° Bronchi (lobar/secondary)

3° Bronchi (segmental/tertiary)

3° Bronchi (segmental/tertiary) - Histology slide

Bronchiole

Terminal Bronchiole

Respiratory Bronchiole

Diaphragm

Left Lung: Superior and Inferior Lobes

Right Lung: Superior, Middle, and Inferior Lobes

Histology: Terminal and Respiratory Bronchioles

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Histology: Alveolar ducts (No)

Histology: Alveolus (alveoli) (Yes)

Histology: Progressive Epithelial tissue - Stratified Squamous

Pseudosstratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium (Yes)

Simple cuboidal (No)

Simple Squamous Epithelium (Yes)

Alveolar ducts and alveoli

Learning Objectives

1. List 4 functions of the respiratory system

1. move air

2. gas exchange

3. smell

4. make sound

2. Compare and contrast the structural and functional organization of the respiratory system

1. Structural

   1. Upper = superior to larynx

   2. Lower = trachea and inferior

2. Functional

   1. Conducting = transports air

   2. Respiratory = gas exchange starts at the respiratory bronchioles

3. Identify the structures of the upper respiratory tract. 

1. nose = nares, nasal cavity, concha

2. pharynx

   1. nasopharynx

   2. oropharynx

   3. laryngopharynx

4. Explain how the nasal cavity conditions air

5. Identify and describe the structures of the larynx

1. Vocal cord (glottis)

2. Vestibular fold

3. Epiglottis

4. Thyroid cartilage

5. Cricoid cartilage

6. Identify and describe the 4 structures of the larynx

6. Identify, locate, and describe the function of the epiglottis

• closes over trachea during swallowing

7. Identify the structures of the lower respiratory tract.

1. trachea

2. bronchus

3. bronchiole

4. alveolus

5. lungs

6. diaphragm

8. Describe the structure and function of the trachea.

open tube lined with c-shaped hyaline cartilage rings

9. Identify the structural subdivisions of the bronchial tree. 

1. main (1 degree), lobar (2nd degree), segmental (3rd degree)

10. Compare and contrast the right versus left lung, and identify the five lobes on the cadaver or models.

1. right, larger, has 3 lobes, left has 2

11. Identify pulmonary macrophages on histological slides and explain their function. 

1. leukocyte that phagocytizes microorganisms and debris

13. Describe progressive airway epithelium, and identify the type of epithelium present in the following structures on histology slides and images:

    1. nostrils, mouth, and throat (oropharynx and laryngopharynx)

    2. nasal conchae, trachea and bronchi

    3. bronchioles (larger bronchioles to terminal bronchioles)

    4. respiratory bronchioles

    5. alveoli

12. identify and describe the cellular structures, cell types, or tissue types responsible for filtering, warming, and humidifying inhaled air

1. nose warms air with etensive blood vessels

2. cilia in PCCE with goblet cells trap microbes, dust, foreign

3. humidified in wet area of nose

13. describe progressive airway epithelium, and identify the type of epithelium present in the following structures on histology slides and images

1. nostrils, mouth, and throat (oropharynx, laryngopharynx) = stratified squamous

2. nasal conchae, trachea, and bronchi - PCCE

3. terminal and respiratory bronchioles = simple cuboidal

4. alveoli = simple squamous

14. Define the 4 respiratory volumes. 

1. TV - tidal; IRV, ERV, RV

15. Define Vital Capacity, list the volumes that compose VC, and state the normal VC for males and females

1. VC = TV + IRV + ERV

2. 3L females 5 L male

16. Write the formulas for and explain each of the 4 respiratory capacities. 

1. IC = TV + IRV

2. FRC = ERV + RV

3. TLC = VC + RV

17. Describe a flow-volume loop, explain what is measured on the x- and y-axes, and identify and diagnose abnormal loops as obstructive or restrictive. 

1. airflow (y-axis) vs (x-axis) volume (aka VC)

2. exhalation should be linear

18. Compare and contrast obstructive and restrictive lung disorders, identify lung volumes that are abnormal for each condition, and list a disorder or condition typical of each. 

19. Describe the effects of emphysema on the respiratory zone and the consequences these changes have on surface area, gas exchange, and airflow.

1. alveoli burst reducing surface area

2. decreased gas exchange

decreased airflow due to decreased elasticity

20. Define and correctly spell all terms listed below; identify structures on models, histology slides, or on the body donations; and describe form↔function relationships; identify highlighted terms on the cadaver; identify histological terms (with asterisk*) using microscopes or histological imagery.