Biology Final - Tests 1-4

The most significant role played by pH buffers is to

limit major shifts in the amount of H+ and OH- in solution

The key structural difference between DNA and RNA is

DNA contains deoxyribose, whereas RNA contains ribose. Thus, DNA contains different sugar than RNA

Lipids and carbohydrates can both be used by animals to store energy

True

Organelles found in the plant seeds that convert fats to sugars are called

glyoxosomes

The four nucleotide bases found in DNA are identical to those in RNA

False

The endosymbiosis theory best describes the origins of peroxisomes in eukaryotes

false

Which features of carbon make the formation of complex molecules that form life possible

carbon forms up to 4 covalent bonds

Which of the following organelles is involved in the synthesis of lipids as well as in the detoxification of drugs and alcohol

smooth er

Which of the following organelles are most likely to be able to divide and reproduce independently, much like a cell does

both mitochondria and chloroplasts

Changes in __ represent the predominant cause for biological evolution

genetic makeup

The cytoskeletal structures that are composed of actin and regulate call shape, cell movements, and muscle contraction include

microfilaments

Amphipathic molecules

possess both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties

Polysaccharides that are found in plants include

starch and cellulose

The feature of carbon important for producing a diversity of organic molecules is

carbon can form both polar and nonpolar covalent bonds with various elements

The atomic number of an atom is

the number of protons in the atom

Vertical evolution, whereby living organisms evolve from a common ancestor (tree of life) is the only mechanism of evolution on Earth.

false

Which level of organization includes all of the others in the list

population

If sucrose is composed of both glucose and fructose, then sucrose must be be a monosaccharide

false

Transmission and scanning electron microscopy differ because

transmission electron microscopy shows two-dimensional ultrastructure, while the scanning electron microscopy shows three- dimensional structure

Which domain of life contains the most multicellular organisms

eukarya

when grouping organisms, which classification is most general for a particular type of organism?

kingdom

in the process of biological evolution, new species may evolve through exchange of genes from one species to another. This process is called

horizontal gene transfer

a dehydration reaction

is used to form more complex molecules

As cells get larger, the surface area to volume ration gets smaller, which can affect cell function

true

Water exists in all three states of matter. Which state is characterized by having more stable hydrogen bonds between water molecules?

solid (ice)

the largest molecule of the following is

a polysaccharide

Macromolecules such as proteins and carbohydrates are produced from monomers through dehydration reactions

true

the grouping or classification of species is termed

taxonomy

the structure that easily distinguishes a plant cell from an animal cell is

chloroplasts

Saturated fats are composed of fatty acids with several double- bonded carbons

false

the smallest functional units of matter that cannot be further broken down by ordinary chemical or physical means are

atoms

which is the smallest of all levels of organization

atom

a proton has a ____ charge and is located _____ of the atom

positive, nucleus

a community is composed of different populations of animals and plants

true

when one atom loses an electron to another atom, it results in the formation of

a cation and an anion that can form an ionic bond

plasma membranes are a feature of

all cells

two molecules with identical molecular formulas but different structures are called.

isomers

an explanation for a biological process that is substantiated by a large body of evidence is called a

theory

Children often resemble their parents. The transmission of an eye color gene from parent to child is an example of which core concept of biology?

information flow, exchange, and storgae

in the periodic table, the value that refers to the number of protons and neutrons is.

atomic mass

organelles that contain acid hydrolases to break down proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids are called .

lysosomes

hydrolysis reactions involve the _ every time a monomer is released.

addition of water

the macromolecule composed of monomers called amino acids is a

protein

The Cell Theory is based on some basic principles. Choose the description that best addresses these principles.

all life is composed of one or more cells, the smallest unit of life are cells, and new cells only come from pre-existing cells.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the plasma membrane?

all of these are functions of the plasma membrane

Over several decades, red foxes have become playful and friendly, like dogs. This phenomenon is due to _

artificial selection by humans

ribosomes are structures in cells thaat produce.

proteins

in multicellular organisms, cells of the same type can associate with each other to form.

tissues

the functional group -nh2 is called

amino

our species is called homo sapiens. The first word refers to which taxonomical grouping?

genus

Which of the following is true of water?

has cohesive properties

Eukaryotes such as animal and plants cells differ from prokaryotes in that prokaryotes

lack internal compartmentalization

Saturated fats tend to

have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and be solid at room temperature

Prokaryotes, such as bacterial cells, differ from eukaryotes in that eukaryotes

possess membrane-bound organelles

isotopes are different forms of the same element that

differ in their number of neutrons

identify the nonlipid molecule

glycogen

Which of the following correctly describes bases that pair with each other in the double helix?

cytosine bonds with guanine

the sequence of amino acids in a protein is its _structure.

primary

the ability to observe two adjacent objects as distinct from one another is called

resolution

Which of these is a cation?

Ca2+

to observe the three-dimensional structure of a cell the best type of microscopy would be

scanning electron microscopy

table salt forms from sodium and chloride via hydrogen bonding

false

Which type of cell would have the hardest time transporting substances across the plasma membrane?

large and round

a community of organisms interacting with their physical environment is a(n)

ecosystem

the organelle responsible for the biosynthesis of proteins that are destined for secretion by the cell is the

endoplasmic reticulum

neutral oxygen has an atomic number of 8. This means that oxygen has

8 electrons and 8 protons

fats and fatty acids

are insoluble in water

fluorescence microscopy enables researchers to label and visualize a particular type of cellular protein or organelle.

true

the measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons to its outer shell from another atom is called_.

electronegativity

Sulfur 35 (35 s) is an isotope of 32s. These elements differ in their number of neutrons

true

A protein's _ structure contains helixes and sheets that result from hydrogen bonding between carboxyl and amno groups of the polypeptide chain.

secondary

Which of the following is NOT a factor that promotes protein folding and stability?

The presence or absence of steriods

What type of bonds form from the unequal sharing of electrons

polar covalent

A conceptual mathematical or physical depiction of a real-world phenomenon is called a

scientific model

The nucleus of an atom is composed of

protons and neutrons

What type of bonding is likely to occur between two water molecules or between two strands of DNA?

hydrogen

The element that is most important in living organisms, and is found in all living organisms is _.

carbon

if orange juice has a pH of 4, then it can be described as

an acidic colution

Identify the ion from below

Ca 2+

A researcher tests the hypothesis that large, daily doses of vitamin C help protect against catching the common cold. What would be the best experimental and control to test this hypothesis?

Experimental group: takes a large, daily dose of vitamin C; Control group: takes a daily dose of a sugar pill disgused as vitamin C

A conceptual, mathematicl or physical depiction of a real-world phenomenon is called a hypothesis

false

Which of the following cells DOES NOT have a cell wall?

animal

When a phosphate is directly transferred from ATP to glucose, it is called phosphorylation.

True

In the light reactions of photosynthesis, ATP is produced in the _____.

stroma using ATP synthase

Which of the following is NOT TRUE about ATP?

the energy to synthesize ATP comes from endergonic reactions

Which of the following do yeast produce during fermentation?

ethanol

the process that most involves the selective uptake of a specific cargo molecule into the cell through receptor binding and aggregation is

receptor-mediated endocytosis.

In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide gas is reduced and combined to form glucose. This is an example of

anabolism

Approximately 20-30% of all genes may encode transmembrane proteins, and this trend is found throughout all domains of life.

True

Which molecule passes through a lipid bilayer most readily?

carbon dioxide

What would you predict about a reaction that has a ^G < 0?

the reaction is spontaneous

Why is the cirtic acid cycle an example of a metabolic cycle?

oxaloacetate is regenerated and the cycle starts again

The organisms that most specifically ultilize light energy to make organic molecules from inorganic molecules are

photoautotrophs

Where does the citric acid cycle take place

mitochondrial matrix

The movement of sucrose and H+ into the cell by the same membrane protein reflects the actions of what type of transporter?

symporter

Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location?

mitochondrial intermembrane space

The amount of available energy that can be used to do work is called

free energy

CO2 binds to ______ in the Calvin cycle.

ribulose bisphospate

The light reactions occur in the

thylakoids of chloroplasts

How many net ATP and NADH molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis?

2 ATP, 2 NADH