HSP3U sociology anthropology psychology exam review

Psychology

study of the human mind and behaviors

Charles Darwin studies finches on the galapagos islands, off the coast of equador

this is on the exam!!

5 defence mechanisms

repression, denial, displacement, free association, projection

Psychologist

doctorate(phd) in psychology. Diagnose problems

Psychiatrist

medical doctorate. Diagnose+solve problems

Psychoanalysis

process that discovers a patient’s thoughts by having them discuss things with a psychologist

ID

unconscious. Follows the pleasure principle, does what it wants, doesn't think about consequences

EGO

conscious: follows reality principle. Consider consequences. Maximizes pleasure and reduce pain

Superego

preconscious. Seeks to control impulses. Sense of morals, right/wrong.

Defense Mechanisms

the ego’s way of distorting reality to deal with anxiety

Repression

unacceptable desires are excluded from consciousness and left to operate in the unconscious

Denial

defence mechanism where someone refuses to acknowledge something painful

Displacement

shift of emotion from original focus to another object, person, or situation

Projection

defense mechanism where a person attributes their own threatening impulses onto someone else

Free association

method in psychoanalysis where a patient relaxes and says what comes to mind

Collective unconscious

part of unconscious mind from ancestral experience common in all humankind

Archetypes

innate patterns of thought and behavior. (recurring throughout our lives)

Classical conditioning

type of learning where a once neutral stimulus comes to produce a particular response after being paired with a conditioned stimulus.

Operant conditioning

uses positive/negative rewards and positive/negative punishment to achieve desired behavior.

Extinction

in operant conditioning, the diminishing of a conditioned response due to lack of reinforcement

Logotherapy

tries to help the patient find the aim+meaning of their life w/o medical aspects

Neuroscientist

scientist with focus on the brain and its impact on behavior/cognitive function

Neuroplasticity

ability of nervous system to change its activity

Nature

hereditary factors

Nurture

environmental factors

Divergent thinking

thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring as many possible solutions

Openness

willingness to try new things

Conscientiousness

awareness of people/world, preparedness

Extraversion

outgoing. Friendliness

Agreeableness

helpful, empathetic

Neuroticism

how well you respond to stress

Unconditioned stimulus

naturally/automatically makes response (food)

Unconditioned response

unlearned response that occurs naturally (drool)

Neutral stimulus

provides no specific response other than initial attention

Conditioned stimulus

previously neutral stimulus that triggers a specific response after becoming associated with unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned response

learned response to the previously neutral stimulus

Positive reinforcement

strengthens behavior after giving rewards

Negative reinforcement

strengthening behavior by taking away consequences

Positive punishment

decreases behavior by adding consequences

Negative punishment

decreases behavior by removing privilege

Physiological needs

food, water, shelter, air

Safety needs

employment, health

love/belonging

friendship, family

Self-esteem

confidence, achievement, respect

Self actualization

purpose, satisfaction

Inductive reasoning

specific observation⇾ pattern⇾ general conclusion

deductive reasoning

existing theory⇾hypothesis⇾specific theory

Physical development

fine/gross motor skills

Intellectual development

how we filter/make patterns with information

Emotional development

process and express emotions

Social development

collaboration, norms, right/wrong

four goals of psychology

describe, explain, predict, control

four schools of psychology

behaviorism, psychoanalysis, humanism, cognitive

behaviorism

Believes that psychologists need evidence to understand behavior, so they use experiments. Look at observable behavior.

humanism

looks at the whole individual, stresses concepts like free will. Wants people to fulfil their potential.

cognitive

mental processes of the brain (how do we learn?)

four stages of sleep

stage one, two, three, REM

stage one

Lightest sleep, Body relaxes, Brain activity slows, Eye movement slow

stage two

Body relaxes more, Eye movement stops, Body temperature stops, Breathing+ heart rate slow

stage three

Deepest sleep, Breathing at slowest, Brain experiences delta waves, Brain is in healing/repair mode

REM

Eyes move rapidly, Brain is active, Dreaming occurs, Body in paralysis, Not all REM sleep is dreaming,Adults spend ¼ sleep in rem

threat simulation theory

dreaming should be seen as an ancient biological defence mechanism

freud and dreams

increase self awareness and gain insight to help manage problems, access unconscious mind.

why dream

To remember, forget, rehearse, heal, solve problems, keep working

conscious mind

what we are aware of.

preconscious

what we can recall

unconscious

what we cannot recall. Holds unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and memories.

personality

characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Involves both intellect + socio-emotional qualities

characteristics of introverts

recharges alone, quiet, observant

characteristics of extroverts

outgoing, thinks as they speak, recharges with people

big five test (ocean)

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

myers briggs who and when

inspired by carl jung after ww2

myers briggs types

Extroverts vs. introverts

Sensors vs. intuitives

Thinkers vs. feelers

Judgers vs. perceivers

maslows hierarchy of needs bottom to top

physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization

false memories

People can remember the past differently or even remember things that never happened

inductive reasoning

specific observation⇾ pattern⇾ general conclusion

deductive reasoning

existing theory⇾hypothesis⇾specific theory

dimensions of development (pies)

physical, intellectual, emotional, social development

sigmund freud

Founder of psychology/psychoanalysis. conscious/unconcsious.

Ivan pavlov

Classical conditioning

B.F skinner

Operant conditioning. Skinner box. rewards/punishment for motivation

abraham maslow

Hierarchy of needs.

viktor frankl

Motivational factors in Auschwitz.

carl rogers

Client centered therapy

carl jung

Studied under Freud. Archetypes. introverts/extroverts

albert bandura

Personality is influenced by the environment and others. Bobo doll experiment.

Sociology

study of human society + social interaction

Macrosociology

analyzes social systems on a large scale.

Microsociology

analyzes social systems on a small scale

Social perspective

almost all of our thoughts and behaviors are influenced by other people. changes in behavior can occur when the situation changes.

Values

shared ideas and standards that a society or group considers acceptable and important

difference between feral and isolated child

feral child was raised in an environment with a different species or all alone. isolated child was raised with people, but not in a healthy way

Norms

expectations about how people should behave in a particular situation

Roles

expected behavior of a person in a particular position

Socialization

lifelong process where we learn about social expectations and how to interact with others. The most important socialization occurs in childhood.

Primary Socialization

the family. Shapes behaviour throughout life.

Secondary socialization

school, peers, workplace, media, religion

Anticipatory socialization

learning how to anticipate appropriate behaviors for a social situation before it happens

Resocialization

changing behaviors from socially unacceptable to socially acceptable.