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What is Physiological/Biological Psychology?
The scientific study of the biology of behavior.
What is the primary focus of Physiological/Biological Psychology?
Understanding the relationship between psychological processes (thoughts, emotions, behaviors) and physiological events (brain activity, hormones, neurotransmitters).
Who argued that psychology should be grounded in biology?
William James, in his book The Principles of Psychology (1890).
Who coined the term "psychobiology"?
Knight Dunlap, in his book An Outline of Psychobiology.
Who introduced the first comprehensive theory on brain function and behavior?
Donald Hebb, in his book The Organization of Behavior (1949).
What famous case study helped establish the connection between brain injury and personality changes?
Phineas Gage.
What methods have contributed to the rise of biopsychology
Electroencephalogram (EEG) and computed tomography (CT) scans
According to Aristotle, where did the mind reside?
The heart.
What did Plato and many ancient cultures believe about the brain and behavior?
The executor of reason was the heart, while animalistic desires and emotions were controlled by the liver.
What did Hippocrates believe about the location of the mind?
The brain.
Where was a science museum established in the 3rd Century B.C. that promoted the study of the human body?
Alexandria.
Who distinguished between the cerebellum and cerebrum?
Herophilos.
What was Erasistratos' theory about human intelligence?
He proposed that intelligence was related to the number of convolutions in the brain.
What did Galen believe was the site of sensation, thought, and movement?
The brain.
How did Galen describe the spinal cord?
As an extension of the brain, connecting it to specific muscles
What typology of human temperaments did Galen promote?
The Four Humors (Melancholic, Phlegmatic, Choleric, Sanguine).
Who was a Persian physician who incorporated biological psychology into his medical treatments?
Avicenna.
What book did Avicenna write about neuropsychiatric disorders?
The Canon of Medicine.
Who challenged Galen's anatomical views through human dissections?
Andreas Vesalius.
What anatomical structures did Vesalius successfully describe?
Cerebral membranes, ventricular system, and cerebrum.
Who proposed the reflexive theory of behavior?
René Descartes.
How did Descartes explain reflexive behavior?
As an automatic response to external stimuli that triggers a chain of events involving skin, filaments, animal spirits, and muscles.
Who discovered the role of the medulla in respiration?
Jean-Cesar Legallois.
Who discovered the different functions of ventral and dorsal spinal cord roots?
Charles Belle and Francois Magendie.
Ventral Roots
TRANSMITS motor impulses
Dorsal Roots
RECIEVES sensory inputs
Who formulated phrenology?
Franz Joseph Gall and Johann Spurzheim.
What is phrenology?
A theory that measures skull bumps to determine personality traits.
Who treated and documented the case of Phineas Gage?
John Martyn Harlow.
Who presented a case of a man with damage to the left frontal lobe that affected speech production?
Paul Broca.
What brain region was linked to speech production by Broca?
Broca's Area.
Where is Broca's Area located?
The frontal lobe.
Who suggested the existence of Wernicke's Area?
Carl Wernicke.
What is Wernicke's Area responsible for?
Comprehending others' speech and using words correctly.
Where is Wernicke's Area located?
The left temporal lobe.
Who identified the three distinct features of a neuron?
Camillo Golgi.
What are the three features of a neuron?
Dendrites, cell body, and axon.
What staining technique was named after Camillo Golgi?
The Golgi Stain.
Who coined the term "synapse"?
Charles Scott Sherrington.
What is a synapse?
The point of functional contact between neurons.
Who investigated chemical communication between neurons?
Otto Loewi.
What are the chemicals that facilitate communication between neurons?
Neurotransmitters.
Who was the first to discover the action potential?
Julius Bernstein.
What is an action potential?
A unique electrical signal traveling the length of an axon.
Where did John Z. Young find a large neuron that was useful for studying neural function?
The body of a squid.
What are some brain imaging techniques that have advanced brain research?
EEG, CT Scan, and MRI.
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