AP World: CH2 - Princeton Review

Shifts in this period

• The way people viewed themselves

• The way governments viewed their authority

• The way religion intersected with politics & individuality

• The way Europeans thought about and interacted with the rest of the world

Led to European dominance

• New technology, ideas of governing, and economic organization

• Competition & rivalry to secure trade routes and colonial possessions (resources)

• At the expense of the land-based empires of Asia and the Americas

Europe by the 1300s

• Fading Greece and Rome civilizations

• Feudal system

• Christian

Cultural impacts of European expansion & interactions

Emphasis on its own classical past

Major movements in Europe at this time

• The Renaissance

• The Protestant Reformation

• The Scientific Revolution

Ways Europe began to interact with other cultures

• Crusades (Islamic civilizations which preserved the knowledge of Greece & Rome)

• Increased trading

• Universities (scholasticism)

Humanism

The focus on human endeavors rather than the afterlife

• Reduced the authority of institutions

Medici

A wealthy family from Florence, Italy, that were major patrons of the arts

• Bourgeois

• Supported the Renaissance

Great artists of the Renaissance

Michelangelo, Brunelleschi, Da Vinci, and Donatello

Johannes Gutenberg

Invented the printing press

The printing press

Allowed for books to become easily/cheaply produced

• Demand for books in vernacular

• More jobs

• More literate/educated people

Indulgences

Something someone could buy to reduce time in purgatory

The 95 Theses

Written by Martin Luther

• Grievances with the church, mainly indulgences

Diet of Worms

Charles V calls Luther to recant here, but he refuses and is excommunicated

John Calvin/Calvinism

Led a Protestant group

• Ideas of predestination

• Geneva, Switzerland

• Huguenots

King Henry VIII (8)

He wanted to divorce Catherine of Argon, but the Pope said no

• He makes his own church - the Church of England (the Anglican Church)

The Counter-Reformation

The Catholic Church reformed

• Banned the sale of indulgences

• More frequent consulting with bishops and parishes

• Training priests to adhere to Catholic teaching more strictly

• Supreme authority of the Pope

• Weekly. mass

The Council of Trent

Directed the Counter-Reformation

• Their outcome was useless: they only made minor changes

• Recognized the need to spread Catholicism

  • China, India, Missionaries, Jesuits

Jesuits

Encourage the renewal of Catholicism through education and preaching

• Missionary work

• Educated

• Led by Ignatius Loyola

Italy, Spain, Portugal, France and southern Germany…

Catholic countries

Northern Germany and Scandinavia …

Lutheran countries

Scotland & pockets of central Europe & France…

Calvinist countries

Copernicus

Creator of the idea of Heliocentrism

• The Earth & planets revolve around the sun

Galileo

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

• Punished by the Roman Catholic Church for supporting heliocentrism

• Forced to recant

The Index

A list of banned heretical works

Deduction

Rene Descartes

• From general to specific

• Rationalism

Induction

Francis Bacon

• From specific to general

• Empiricism

Kepler

Three Laws of Planetary Motion

• Elliptical orbits

Sir Isaac newton

3 Universal Laws of Motion, gravity, and Calculus

Deism

A belief system which became popular in the 1700s that viewed god as a watchmaker who did not interfere with the world '

• Caused by the Enlightenment & Scientific Revolution

Changes in trade

• Inclusion of the Americas

• Interregional trade connections

• Technology

Trade technology

• Astrolabe

• Compass

• Sextant

Caravels

Spanish & Portuguese ships

• Lateen triangle sails

• Good for shallow water

Carracks

Spanish & Portuguese ships

• Big

• Deep hulls with lateens and square sails

Fluyt

Light boats with shallow hulls

• Dutch East Trading Company

• Mayflower

Gao & Malacca

Seized by the Portuguese

Treaty of Tordesillas

An agreement between Spain/Portugal that defined where each could explore and claim lands

• Spain = west (the Americas)

• Portugal = east (Africa, Europe, Asia)

Pueblo Indian revolt

The natives pushing the Spanish colonizers out of New Mexico

Prince Henry the Navigator

Sponsored exploration along the west coast of Africa

• Portuguese

Vasco de Gama

Landed in Calicut, India (1498)

• first time he had bad stuff

• Second time he had guns to force trade

John Cabot

Failed to find the “Northwest Passage” to Asia

European superiority

Based on their advanced technology

Causes of the Renaissance

• Weakened Papacy (corruption)

• Black Plague

• European interaction with other places (Byzantine/Islamic empires)

Italian trade role

Center of trade between Europe and Asia

Realism

• Detail

• Linear perspective

• Proportion

• Chiaroscuro - light & dark highlights to show depth

• Contrapposto - unevenly shifting weight onto one leg

The Northern Renaissance

A greater focus on Christianity

• “Christian humanism”

• Education to get back to “true Christianity”

• Inspired by Greece & Rome

• Reason over dogma

4 steps to have your sins forgiven

• Contrition (repentance & guilt)

• Confession (declaration of sin to a priest)

• Penanance (making up for your sin)

• Absolution (granted by God/the priest)

Johann Tetzel

Sold indulgences

Edict of Worms

Martin Luther is an outlaw/heretic in the Holy Roman Empire

Frederick the Wise of Saxony

Protects Martin Luther

Catholicism

Justification through faith & good works

Protestantism

Justification through faith alone

• Sola Fide; faith alone justifies your soul to go to heaven

The Peace of Augsburg

Cuius regio, eius religio - whose realm, his religion

• German states & HRE Emperor Charles V

• Choose Catholicism or Lutheranism

Defense of the Seven Sacraments

Henry VII (8)’s response to Lutheran ideas in England

Edward VI

A Protestant ruler after Henry VIII died

• Attempted to prevent the country from being Catholic

Mary I (Bloody Mary)

A Catholic ruler after Edward VI died

• Attempted to erase Henry VII’s work

• Hates Protestants

Elizabeth I

Ruled after Mary I died

• Followed Henry' VIII’s religious reform

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572)

The killing of thousands of Huguenots by Catholic authorities in France

• Authorized by King Charles IX of France (told by his mother)

• Fear of Huguenot rebellion

• Neither side wins

Huguenots

French Calvinists, mostly nobility

The Edict of Nantes (1598)

Catholicism becomes the official religion of France

• Huguenots have some rights to worship still

• Starts under Henry IV (4)

• Ends under Louis XIV (14)

Henry IV (4) of France / Henry of Navarre

A Huguenot who converted to Catholicism & established the Edict of Nantes

• Centralization of power

• Refused to call the Estates General

• Improved tax collection —> stability

• Took power away from local aristocracy, reducing influence of nobles

The Thirty Years War (1618-1848)

Wars between Protestant and Catholic states

• HRE Emperor Ferdinand II forced Catholicism throughout the region, which made Protestants fear losing their rights to worship

• French joins the Protestants b/c they hate the Habsburgs

• Ends with the Peace of Westphalia

Peace of Westphalia

Ended the Thirty Years War

• German rulers can choose their own religion

• Calvinism, Catholicism, and Protestantism

Political impacts of the Peace of Westphalia

• Sovereignty

• Devastated German states

• States, rather than the Catholic Church, control European politics

• HRE loses power

Louis XIII (13) of France (1610-1643)

A ruler who was controlled by Cardinal Richelieu

• Reduced the power of the aristocracy

• Dissolved the Estates General

• Created a bureaucracy

• Defeated the Huguenots

Louis XIV (14) of France / The Sun King

Absolute monarchy

• Divine right

• Forced the nobility to be at court

• Strong administrative bureaucracy

• Royal control of the army

• Curtailment of town liberties

• Codification of civil/criminal law

Revocation of Edict of Nantes

Done by Louis XIV

• One nation, one religion

• Henry IV (4)

• Louis XIII (13) & Cardinal Richelieu

• Louis XIV (14)

People who helped build absolutism in France

1. Weaken the power of the nobility

2. Build a bureaucracy

3. Increase taxes

4. Create a large standing military

5. Establish religious uniformity

Steps to absolutism

James I of England / James VI (6) of Scotland

A Stuart leader from Scotland

• Used to more power

• Divine right

Charlies I (1625-1649) of England

Establishes personal rule, dissolving parliament

• Marries a Catholic, and the people are scared that he is reintroducing Catholicism to the Country

• A Stuart (Scottish)

The Regicide of Charles I

Questions the idea of divine right

• Followed by the rule of Oliver Cromwell

Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell

A Puritan of England after Charles I was executed

• Religious intolerance against Catholics & Irish

• Brings his son Richard to rule (fails)

The Stuart Restoration

Parliament invited Charles II, the son of Charles I, to take the throne and restore a limited monarchy

• Charles II and his brother James II are raised in Louis XIV’s French courts: Catholicism & Divine Right

Glorious Revolution

James II was driven from power by Parliament & replaced by William and Mary

• They feared he would make it a Catholic country

WIlliam III and Mary of England

Sign the English Bill of Rights

• Anglican with limited powers

Things exchanged in the Columbian Exchange

• Old to New: livestock, sugarcane, diseases (smallpox, etc), grains

• New to Old: beans, potatoes, tobacco, corn (maize)

Potosi

Had a silver mine in Bolivia, that the Spanish controlled and exploited

• Native laborers died

• Enslaved west African laborers

Kicks off the Age of European Exploration

The Ottomans took control of Byzantium, cutting off European access to the Silk Roads

• They had to go all the way around Africa to get to Asia

Where the Renaissance focused on

Italy & going back

• The ruins of the Roman Empire

• Recovery of classical knowledge from the Islamic /Byzantine Empires

Reasons for the Italian Renaissance

• Location: center of trade between Asia and Europe (Middle East)

• Wealthy merchant class

• Powerful families: Medici family

West Europe

Roman Catholic

East Europe

Orthodox

Protestant branches

Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism

Protestantism

People should read & interpret the Bible for themselves

• Bibles in multiple languages (vernacular)

• Reduced role of sacraments

• Simplicity of service & aesthetics

Defender of the Faith

Henry VIII’s title given by Pope Leo X after writing the Defense of the Seven Sacraments

• Henry does not like Luther’s criticism

The Pope denies Henry VIII’s request for an annulment of Henry’s marriage to his wife

The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V was Catherine’s nephew

• Charles had taken control of Rome

Defenestrations of Prague

Ferdinand’s Catholic officials thrown out a window by Protestant nobles, sparking the Thirty Years' War

• Bohemian (Protestant) vs. Habsburg (Catholic Ferdinand II)

Supported Bohemia

Denmark and Sweden (Protestants)

Battle of Chaldiran (1514)

Ottomans vs. Safavids

• Ottoman victory due to their gunpowder weapons

Safavid Empire

A shi’ite (shia) empire

• Not religiously tolerant

Ottoman, Mughal, and Safavid empires

Land-based gunpowder empires

Ismail

The founder of the Safavid dynasty (ruled 1501-1524)

Qualities of gunpowder empires

• Strong, central gov

• Standing army

• Money (taxes)

• Bureaucracy

• Artillery experts

• Access to metals

Ottoman Empire

A Sunni Empire

• Founder: Osman, 1299

• Conquered Constantinople in 1453

• Suleiman I the Magnificent (ruled 1520-1566)

Hagia Sophia

A Christian Byzantine church that became a mosque after the Ottomans conquered Constantinople

Suleiman The Magnificent

Ruler during the height of Ottoman power

• Reached as far west as Vienna, almost to the Habsburgs

Ottoman & religion

• Sunni Muslim majority

• Religious toleration → safe haven for Jews after Isabella and Ferdinand kicked them out of spain (1492)

Ottoman culture

• Byzantine & Persian influences

• Turkish language (Persian by elites)

• Hagia Sophia - syncretism

• Coffeehouses

• Bazaras

Ottoman women

Restricted, especially the more upper-class ones

• Veilings, harems, concubines