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Perception of Movement
Creating awareness of motion through visual cues.
Neural Feature Detectors
Neurons that respond to specific visual stimuli.
Corollary Discharge Theory
Theory explaining how movement perception occurs.
Motion Information
Data derived from visual movement cues.
Perceptual Organization
How visual elements are grouped to perceive motion.
Intelligence of Movement Perception
Cognitive ability to interpret motion effectively.
Plasticity of Perception
Adaptability of perception based on experience.
Real Movement
Actual motion of an object in view.
Apparent Movement
Illusory motion from successive images.
Induced Movement
Perceived motion caused by surrounding movement.
Movement Aftereffect
Perception of motion following exposure to movement.
First-order Motion
Motion defined by changes in luminance.
Luminance-defined Object
Object distinguished by reflected light differences.
Second-order Motion
Motion defined by changes in contrast or texture.
Texture-defined Object
Object identified by texture changes, not luminance.
Figure-Ground Identification
Distinguishing an object from its background.
Breaking Camouflage
Movement revealing hidden objects in the environment.
Shape Information from Movement
Movement provides cues about object shapes.
Attention Attraction by Movement
Movement draws focus in visual perception.
Second-order motion
Apparent movement perceived without real motion.
Real Movement
Actual physical movement of an object.
Apparent Movement
Illusion of movement without actual motion.
Induced Movement
Movement of one object affects perception of another.
Movement aftereffect
Illusion of movement after prolonged exposure.
Waterfall illusion
Example of movement aftereffect phenomenon.
Neural Feature Detectors
Neurons that respond to specific motion stimuli.
Corollary Discharge Theory
Theory explaining how motion perception is processed.
Perceptual Organization
How visual elements are grouped to perceive movement.
Plasticity of perception
Ability of perception to adapt and change.
Medial Temporal Area (MT)
Brain area crucial for motion perception.
Directionally sensitive neurons
Neurons that respond to specific movement directions.
Newsome and Paré (1988)
Study on motion perception using random dot displays.
Correlation levels
Degree of similarity in motion direction perception.
Interdot interval
Time between dots in motion display, 50 ms.
Spacing of dots
Distance between dots in display, 0.1 degrees.
Lesioned MT cortex
Damage to MT area affecting motion detection.
Motion direction detection
Identifying the direction of moving stimuli.
Signal processing
Neural response to motion stimuli in perception.
Excitation
Increased neural activity in response to stimuli.
Inhibition
Decreased neural activity in response to stimuli.
Reception
Initial detection of visual stimuli by receptors.
Movement perception
Interpretation of motion based on visual input.
Visual tracking
Following a moving object with the eyes.
Retinal image stability
Image remains stationary while tracking motion.
Eye movement
Movement of eyes affecting perceived motion.
Corollary Discharge Theory
Motion perception relies on eye movement signals.
Motor Signal (MS)
Signal generated when eyes move or attempt movement.
Corollary Discharge Signal (CDS)
Copy of the motor signal sent to the brain.
Image Movement Signal (IMS)
Signal from image stimulating receptors on retina.
Comparator
Brain region that integrates CDS and IMS.
Detecting Movement
Movement detected with CDS or IMS alone.
No Movement Detection
No movement perceived with both CDS and IMS.
Afterimage Movement
Perception of movement in a dark room.
Pushing Eyeball
Eye muscles push against finger, sending CDS.
Paralyzed Eye Muscles
Attempts to move eyes cause perceived motion.
Following Moving Object
CDS sent while image remains stationary.
Neural Feature Detectors
Neurons that respond to specific movement patterns.
Galletti & Fattori Study
Neurons in V3 respond differently to eye movement.
V3 Neuron Response
Fires when bar moves across retina; less when eyes move.
Gibson's Ecological Approach
Focuses on real-world perception and movement.
Behavioural Evidence
Supports theory through observed motion phenomena.
Physiological Evidence
Neural responses validate motion perception mechanisms.
Eye Movement
Involuntary or voluntary shifts in gaze direction.
Receptive Field (RF)
Area where a stimulus affects neuron firing.
Fixation Point (FP)
Point where eyes focus during observation.
Motion Information
Data used to perceive and interpret movement.
Intelligence of Movement Perception
Cognitive processing related to understanding motion.
Visual Cortex
Brain region responsible for processing visual information.
Signal to Cortex
Transmission of motion signals for perception.
Movement Detection Cases
Scenarios illustrating how motion is perceived.
Optic Flow
Movement of environmental elements relative to observer.
Exterospecific Information
Information about the external environment.
Propriospecific Information
Information about the observer's movements.
Focus of Expansion (FOE)
Destination point with no optic flow.
Invariant Information
Constant information despite observer's movement.
Gradient of Flow
Flow speed varies with distance from observer.
Visual Control of Action
Using flow information for navigation.
Warren (1998) Study
Tested direction identification using moving dots.
Flow Information Accuracy
Participants accurately described movement direction.
Optic Array
Visual information available during movement.
Movement Speed
Walking at 1 m/s, running at 3.8 m/s.
Older Adults Performance
Lower accuracy in optic flow tasks.
Falls in Older Adults
Related to poor judgment of direction.
Symmetrical Expansion
Image changes indicate potential collision.
Self-Produced Information
Movement generates optic flow for perception.
Reciprocal Relationship
Flow provides information, influences further movement.
3D Information
Depth perception from optic flow.
Movement Information
Dynamic cues about observer's motion.
Direction of Heading
Observer's locomotion path derived from flow.
Computer Generated Displays
Used in Warren's experiments for movement direction.
Short Display Duration
Less than 500 ms in Warren's study.
Number of Dots
Varied in displays to test movement perception.
High Speed Locomotion
Participants maintained accuracy at high speeds.
Judging Heading
Accuracy within 0.5 to 1 degree.
Colliding
Determining collision through image expansion.
Animal Collision Detection
Animals assess collision via image changes.
Tau
Ratio of retinal image size to its change rate.
Time to Collision
Reciprocal of tau; indicates collision time.
Approach Rate
Speed at which an object approaches another.
Nucleus Rotundus
Pigeon brain area for space and movement perception.
