VOCABULARY

Vocabulary All in One

extravagance

A lack of restraint in spending money or using resources; excessive or unnecessary luxury.

"The architectural historian noted that the palace’s gold-leaf ceilings and imported marble pillars were signs of undeniable extravagance, reflecting a monarch who was completely disconnected from the poverty of his citizens."

entities

A thing with distinct and independent existence.

"Although the two research departments shared the same building and occasionally collaborated, they operated as entirely separate entities with their own budgets and leadership teams."

tremendous

Very great in amount, scale, or intensity. (substantial, considerable)

"The construction of the new hydroelectric dam required a tremendous amount of concrete, far exceeding the initial estimates provided by the engineering firm."

lobby for

To strongly advocate, push, or campaign for a specific cause, rule, or change

"For over a decade, environmental scientists have been lobbying for stricter industrial emission standards, arguing that such regulations are vital to slowing the effects of climate change."

Initial

초기의

Existing or occurring at the beginning.

Despite the initial setbacks during the launch phase, the satellite ultimately reached its correct orbit and began transmitting data."

Antecedent

A thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another. In grammar, it is the noun that a pronoun replaces. (ante=before, cedent= happen proceed ~ something that goes before)

"The typewriter is often considered the direct antecedent to the modern computer keyboard, as it established the QWERTY layout we still use today."

oscillating

To swing back and forth, vibrate

hesitate or to have a swing in mind

"Unable to reach a final consensus, the committee spent hours oscillating between the two proposed budget plans."

improvise

(im=not, pro= before, vise = vision ~ something that hasn’t seen before)

to act spontaneously

spontaneous

to act in a way that is according to inner impulse without prior planning or pressure by someone (improvise, voluntary )- 즉흥적인, 자발적인

(in scientific context - something occurring without apparent external cause (자연 발생적인)

"Unlike the meticulously planned and heavily rehearsed speeches of her political rivals, the candidate's spontaneous remarks to the crowd felt refreshingly genuine and entirely unscripted."

meticulous

(매=모든 곳, ticul= touch ~ going through all the parts)

Showing great attention to detail; very careful and precise. deliberate

"The historian’s meticulous research process involved cross-referencing thousands of handwritten letters to ensure perfect accuracy."

fatigue

Extreme tiredness resulting from mental or physical exertion, or illness. 피로

(scientific context-The weakening or breakdown of a material (especially metal) caused by repeatedly applied stress or pressure over time.) 금속 재료의 약화

"The structural engineers determined that the bridge's sudden failure was not caused by a single heavy load, but rather by microscopic metal fatigue that had accumulated over decades of constant traffic and temperature fluctuations."

maneuver

to move in a way that requires skills and care (manual work- work done by hand delicately) - steering 조종하다, 작전 like vehicle, military

A carefully planned scheme, tactic, or action intended to gain an advantage, often through cleverness(교묘한) or slight deception(deceive) - 교묘하게 다루다 (manipulate)

"Through a series of brilliant legal maneuvers, the defense attorney managed to keep the most damaging evidence out of the trial and secure a not-guilty verdict for her client." (legal=법적인 things that re realted to law process + maneuvering = tactic and stretegic

circomstantial

a proof that is collected only according to the situation and what has happened around (정황적인- 일단 상황만 봤을때) - key: not an evident proof that can lead to a conclusion

To depend on situation or circumstances. (상황에 따른)

"Because the researchers could only rely on circumstantial evidence—such as variations in tree-ring growth rather than direct historical temperature records—their conclusion about the medieval drought faced heavy skepticism." (medieval - of mid century) (skepticism - questioning, keep inquiring rather than just accepting or believing)

• skept- = inquiring, reflecting

prosecution

admissible (admit)

incarceration

board (department)

parole

audit

transaction

proved (turned out to be)

initiative

determine

to discover

to have an impact (being the decisive factor in causing something)

to result something

to have a firm mind in doing something

By carefully measuring the rate at which the radioactive isotopes decayed within the rock layers, the geologists were able to determine the exact age of the fossilized remains.

skeptically

embed

diverted

dispatch

novel

protocol

morale

administer

deteriorated

detached