UCSP- UNIT IV Organizing Society through Groups: From Families to Networks.

Primary Groups

are small social groups characterized by close, personal, and long-lasting relationships. Members of primary groups deeply care for each other, and the emotional connection is strong. The family is the best example of a primary group, along with very close friends.

Secondary Groups

are larger and more impersonal. These groups are typically formed around specific goals or tasks, and relationships within them are often temporary or based on roles and functions. Examples include classmates, coworkers, or members of a committee.

In-Group

a group an individual feels they belong to and strongly identifies with. There is a sense of loyalty, pride, and connection to this group.

Out-Group

a group that a person does not belong to or may even feel opposition toward. Out-groups may be seen as different or even as competitors.

Reference Groups

refers to the groups that individuals use as a standard to evaluate themselves—their behavior, attitudes, values, or appearance. A person may or may not be part of this group but still looks to it for guidance or comparison. Examples include admired celebrities, successful professionals, or social groups a person aspires to join.

Social network

is defined as a group of people who have occasional interactions and who engage in similar or related tasks while remaining unknown, unfamiliar, or only slightly familiar with each other. Examples of a social network is the community formed by one's membership in social media sites such as Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook.

Network

refers to the overall web of social ties and connections a person has with others. These can include strong ties (like family and close friends) and weak ties (like acquaintances or online contacts). Networks play a major role in spreading information, accessing opportunities, and building social support.

Family

The most basic social unit.

● Includes children and 2 parents at most (Conjugal).

● May vary in members. A family may be composed of a single mother/father, while there could be 1 or more children within it.

Extended or Consanguine family

composed of parents and children, plus other members of their kin (a group with common ancestry or marriage ties).

● Includes other family members with ties to shared ancestry or blood.

Reconstituted family

Refers to a family in which the individuals deviate from standard role or composition.

Kinship -

Refers to a relationship that is solely based on shared blood, marriage ties, and adoption (Macionis 2012).

● "Kin" is a term used to refer to individuals whom one shares this exact relationship with.

● There are two types of tracing in kinship. Namely, Matrilineal and Patrilineal.

Matrilineal Kinship

traces the line of kinship from the mother’s family

Bilateral Kinship

traces the line of kinship from both the mother and father’s familiesPa

Patrilineal Kinship

traces the line of kinship from the father’s family

Unilineal

When descent is only either through traced patrilineal or matrilineal kinship.

Ritual kinship

In the Philippines, religious rituals such as baptism and kumpil are commonly practiced.

Compadre or Compadrazgo

It is typically practiced to foster connections between families whether they are related by blood or not. It initiates godparent-godchild relationships.

political dynasties.

Kinship is also utilised in politics to form alliances. A family may be able to strengthen their ties with other families to extend its political influence and form

Bands

are small, kin-based, egalitarian groups of about 10-50 people, often found in ancient or nomadic societies.

Tribes

consist of multiple bands politically integrated, sharing language, religion, and culture, typically governed by informal structures like councils of elders. Their political organization is fragile and mainly activated during crises.

Chiefdoms

are more formally structured political entities that unite several communities (including tribes). They are led by a chief (or council) who has higher rank and prestige, manages resources, settles conflicts, commands military efforts, and presides over rituals, but his/her power is balanced by advisers.

States

are modern political organizations with independent, sovereign governments controlling defined territories, recognized internationally, and characterized by population, territory, government, and sovereignty.

Nations

a group of people bound together by shared culture, history, language, religion, or ethnicity, forming an "imagined community."

The Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) in the Philippines is an example of a nation recognized within the larger Philippine state, reflecting attempts to decentralize and acknowledge distinct national identities.

traditional authority

often considered a synonym of hereditary authority or authority passed through the bloodline of leaders, as in absolute monarchies

charismatic authority

authority drawn from a leader's personal charisma-the capacity of a leader to attract and retain loyal and devoted followers through his/her personal qualities, just like what some dictators and cult leaders are capable of

rational legal authority

authority drawn from legal and constitutional mandates that are usually collectively agreed upon and/or approved by those who are governed, as in what is practiced in many modern democratic countries or at least, in countries that claim to be democratic

Economic institutions

play a major role in any organizing and constantly shaping and reshaping of society.

Market economies

are typically understood as those that rely on money or currency to facilitate trade or the exchange of goods and services.

Non-market economies

are understood as those that rely on barter and similar forms of product/commodity exchanges.

Reciprocity

direct exchange of goods or services

Redistribution

– transfer of goods or services from a central authority to members of society

Stock market

place where stocks/shares are traded

Stocks or shares

partial ownership of corporations

Market transaction

indirect exchange of goods and services facilitated by money or currency

Money / Currency

medium facilitating exchange

Profit motive

– maximizing profitability or optimizing individual financial gains

profiteering

excessive profit-making, especially in essential sectors like healthcare

physical currency

paper money and/or coins

electronic currency (e-money)

money in electronic form

cryptocurrency

digital money like bitcoin

Primary Sector

engaged in the extraction of raw materials (e.g., petroleum, minerals, logs) and natural resources through agriculture and fishing.

secondary sector

engaged in manufacturing or the mass production of goods and commodities from raw materials.

teritary sector

engaged in providing services that facilitate the transport, distribution, and sale of goods or commodities, including business process outsourcing (BPO), real estate sales, and professional practices.

banks

– Lend money to businesses, start-ups, entrepreneurs, and governments; make money productive through investments.

Corporations

Private entities managing companies engaged in goods production, service provision, or stock market activities. ○ Board of Directors – Elected by shareholders to run corporations. ○ Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) – Private sector’s commitment to uphold the common good alongside profitability.

Cooperatives

Member-owned organizations providing financial services (loans, goods at lower prices) and returning profits as dividends or patronage refunds. In the Philippines, profits are tax-exempt.