1. coronary heart disease 2. stroke 3. diabetes mellitus 4. hypertension 5. obesity 6. certain forms of cancer 7. osteoporosis 8. liver disease 9. mental health
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4 Principles for Avoiding Malnutrition
1. variety 2. balance 3. moderation 4. nutrient density
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Dietary Guildlines for Americans
1. healthy eating pattern across the lifespan 2. focus on variety, nutrient density, and amount 3. limit calories from added sugar, saturated fats, and reduced sodium 4. shift to healthier food and beverage choices 5. support healthy eating patterns for all
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Consume less than \____% of calories per day from added sugars.
10%
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Consume less than \____% of calories per day from saturated fats.
10%
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Consume less than \______mg of sodium per day.
2300mg
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Alcohol: Only \___ drink(s) per day for women.
1
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Alcohol: Only \___ drink(s) per day for men.
2
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Adults should at least spend \______ minutes of moderate intensity physical activity each day.
150 minutes
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Adults should spend \_____ days or more of muscle strengthening exercises per week.
2 or more days
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Children (6-17 y/o) should spend at least \____ minutes doing physical activity per day.
60 minutes
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Leading Reasons for Food Selection in US
flavor and cost
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RDA
RecommendedDaily Allowance- for nutritional needs of practically all healthy persons
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AI
Adequate Intake- used when evidence isn't considered good enough to call it an RDA
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EAR
Estimated Average Requirement- meet needs of the average person, can help establish the RDA (is 2 standard deviations above)
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UL
Tolerable Upper Intake Level- the level we should not exceed
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EER
Estimated Energy Requirement- takes sex, age, weight, height, and physical activity level into account
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AMDR
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range- carbs = 45-65%- fat = 20-35%- protein = 10-35%
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Nutrition Label Requirements
list of Ingredients
serving size
servings per container
amount per serving
(total calories, calories from fat, total fat, saturated fat, trans fat, sodium, cholesterol, total carbs, dietary fiber, sugars, protein, Vitamin A & C, calcium, and iron)
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Changes to new food labels
adding added sugars
removing Vitamin A & C
adding Vitamin D & potassium
removing calories from fat
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Voluntary on Nutrition Labels
kcal from sat/polyunsat/monounsat fat
soluble fiber
insoluble fiber
sugar alcohols
other carbs and micronutrients
Daily Value
Reference Daily Intakes
ingredients that may cause reactions in food sensitive consumers
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Food Label Claims by FDA
health
nutrient content
structure function
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"Low calorie"
40 calories or fewer per serving
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"Reduced calorie"
at least 25% lower in calories than regular food
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"Calorie free"
fewer than 5 calories per serving
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"Trans fat free"
less than 0.5 g trans fat and less than 0.5 g of saturated fat per serving
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Pesticides
1. avoid direct contact 2. most fruits and vegetable have no pesticides or negligible amounts within safe limits for adults 3. fish from contaminated waters may contain high levels of pesticides
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"100% organic"
made with 100% organic ingredients
USDA logo can be used
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"Organic"
minimum 95% ingredients are organic
may include USDA logo
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"Made with organic ingredients"
70%-94% is organic
cannot use USDA label
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ingredient panel only*
less 70% organic
organic can only be used on ingredient panel
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How to eat food on a budget?
1. get unpackaged whole food 2. sales, but not unhealthy choices 3. deals and groupons online before you go 4. farmers market 5. buy seasonal and local foods 6. meal prep 7. choose the right supermarket
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Quackery
1. big business 2. sales people use questionable scientific info 3. expected benefits are trivial compared to extravagant claims (no legitimate basis)
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Where can you find accurate information regarding nutrition?
books on nutrition (textbooks)
scientific journals (important not to overinterpret)
governmental agencies (USDHHS, USDA, FDA, etc)
scientific organizations (AND, ASN, etc)
nutrition professionals
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Processed food
1. prevents spoilage 2. some food enriched or fortified 3. some nutrients may be lost 4. problem is the excessive use of highly refined products
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Purpose of additives in food
1. flavor 2. enhanced color 3. improve texture 4. preserve the food
must be generally recognized as safe (GRAS) to earn FDA approval
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Digestion
breaking down macronutrients to yield nutrients ready for absorption
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Absorption
movement of nutrients from intestinal tract to the circulation
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Upper GI Tract
oral cavity
esophagus (LES)
stomach (pyloric sphincter)
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gastroesophageal sphincter
separates the esophagus from the stomach
closes to prevent the stomach contents from re-entering the esophagus
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Lower GI
small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
large intestine/colon (cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid)
rectum
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Accessory Organs
liver, gallbladder, pancreas
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Role of the Stomach
mixing
secretion of gastric juices:
1\. HCL= protein denaturation and kills bacteria
2\. pepsin
3\. mucus for protection
4\. intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption)- production of hormones
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Secretions of pancreas
enter at duodenum
biocarbonate = increases pH
enzymes = breakdown protein, fats, and carbs role of small intestine
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Secretions of gallbladder
enter duodenum
bile acids = made in liver and allow fat digestion and absorption role of small intestine
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Role of the Large intestine
water absorption
electrolyte absorption
bacterial action (fermentation, some vitamin production, probiotics v. prebiotics)
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Probiotics
beneficial live bacteria found in certain foods or supplements
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Prebiotics
special form of dietary fiber that acts as a fertilizer for the good bacteria in your gut
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The rate at which food leaves the stomach is influenced by...?
volume
consistency
composition of chyme
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Amount of time between ingestion of food and its elimination?
24-72 hours
fiber moves faster
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Factors affecting transit time of food out of the body
composition of diet
illness
certain medications
physical activity
stress/emotions
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Major mechanisms of Absorption
diffusion
facilitated diffusion
active transport
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Energy Metabolism
chemical reaction involved in breakdown, synthesis, and transformation of energy yield nutrients
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Metabolic Pathways
a series of enzymatic reactions that converts one biological material to another
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Catabolic
breaking down molecules
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Anabolism
synthesis of molecules
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Enzyme Catalyzed Reactions
reversible
enzymes
many types
cofactors / coenzymes often assist enzymes
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Enzymes
catalysts that speed of chemical reactions
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ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate- provides energy needed for biosynthesis, muscle contractions, active transport
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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
series of chemical reactions that transfer electrons and 4 hydrogen ions from reducing agents along protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane producing ATP
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Glycogenolysis
start with glycogen,end with individual glucose molecules
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Glycolysis
breakdown of glucose to pyruvate or lactate
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Kreb Cycle
Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)- major pathway used during aerobic conditions- forms guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and reduced coenzymes (NADH + H+ and FADH2)
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Fat Catabolism
breakdown of triglyceride molecules into glycerol and fatty acids when available energy sources are low
lipolysis is followed by beta-oxidation
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Lipolysis
the breakdown of fats and other lipids by hydrolysis to release fatty acids
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Beta Oxidation
breakdown of fatty acids
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Protein Catabolism
first broken down to amino acids
supplies
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Transamination
transfer of amino group from an amino acid to alpha ketoacid
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Deamination
removal of amino group from an amino acid to produce alpha ketoacid
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Anabolic Pathways
gluconeogenesis
glycogenesis
lipogensis
ketogensis
protein synthesis
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Gluconeogenesis
formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources
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Glycogenesis
formation of glycogen from glucose
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Lipogenesis
excess glucose or amino acids make triglyceride (fatty acids or lipids)
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Ketogenesis
usually occurs at higher rates during starvation, consumption of a low carbohydrate diet, or during uncontrolled diabetes- accumulation of acetyl coA results in ketones
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Protein synthesis
transcription: DNA --> RNA- translation: RNA --> protein
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Where do carbs come from?
photosynthesis
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Monosaccharides
glucose, galactose, fructose- ready for absorption from the gut without further digestion
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Disaccharides
lactose = galactose and glucose
maltose = glucose and glucose
sucrose = fructose and glucose
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Complex Carbs (polysaccharides)
starch - storage form in plants
glycogen - storage form in humans
non-digestible fiber
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Insoluble Fiber
cellulose, hemicellulose
wheat and other plant foods
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Soluble Fiber
pectins, gums, beta-glucans
fruits, most grains, beans
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What are primary sources of digestible carbohydrates?
grains, fruit, and vegetable
other sources: dairy, protein, and sweets
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Dietary Goals of Carbs
1. AMDR: 45-65% calories 2. RDA: 130g/d & anupper limit for sugar of 10% 3. Daily Reference Value is 300g 4. Fiber: RDA 25g women and 38g men
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Absorption of Carbs
- almost all monosaccharides- glucose and galactose by active transport- fructose by facilitated diffusion - fructose and galactose are converted to glucose in liver and used or sent into blood stream- glucose metabolized by liver or sent through bloodstream to other tissue/cell (most important physiologically and RBC love)