exam 1

any domain of systematized knowledge that is considered as a distinct field of investigation or object of study

science

a branch of science that is concerned with the physical world and its phenomena

natural science

a branch of natural science that deals with matter, energy, motion, and force, as well as the physical processes and phenomena of a particular system

physics

a branch of physics that deals with the production, control, transmission, reception, and effects of sound

acoustics

a combination of biology and acoustics in the study of sound productions and perception in animals including humans

bioacoustics

a branch of bioacoustics

human speech

a fundamental property of an objects that refers to the amount of matter in that object

mass cm

any influence that causes an pbject to undergo a change in speed, direction, or shape

force f

the force of gravity on an object and is related to its mass

weight

the quanity of three-dimesnional space occupied by a liquid, solid, or gas

volume

mass of a substance, material, or an object per unit of volume, or mass divided by volume

density

distance traveled in a given unit of time

speed

distance traveled in a given unit of time in a specific direction

velocity

mass times velocity of an object during motion

momentum

change in velocity as a function of time

acceleration a

resistance of any physical object to a change in its state of motion or rest

inertia

property of a material that returns it to its orginial shape after it has been deformed by an external force (stress)

elasticity

change in the shape or size of an object due to an applied force

deformation

relative amount of deformation undergone by an object

strain

resistance of an elastic body to deformationby an applied force

stiffness

force exerted over a distance

work

ability to do work

energy

stored energy

potential energy

exist whenever an object that mass is in motion

kinetic energy

rate of work done or energy unsed in a period of time

power

power per unit of area

intensity

force acting perpendiculary on a specific surface area

pressure

random high speed movement of molecules due to their inherent energy

browmain motion

force that acts perpendiculary on a surface

air pressure

pressure at sea level

atmospheric pressure

pressure higher than sea level

postivie pressure

pressure below sea level

negative pressure

total absense of air and pressure

vacuum

movement of air through a particular area

flow

difference in pressure which causes air to flow

driving pressure

the rate of flow

volume velocity

air that flows smoothly, with molecules moving in a parallel mannar and at the some speed

laminar flow

occurs when an obstical in its way disturbes the flow

turbulent flow

the relationship between volume, pressure, and density

boyels law

air molecules undergo browian motion, creating a relatively stead air pressure

ambient pressure

when molecues approach and collide, an area of higher positive pressure

compression

this increases the distance between the two groupd of molecules involved, decreasing the density of air in that region resulting in low postive pressure

rarefaction

states that the resorting force is proportinal to the distance of displacement and acts in the opposite direction

hookes law

the resistance of any physical object to a change in its state of motion or rest

inertia

force that opposes motion

friction

a sound wave encounters a wall and part of the wave travels back toward the source. what occured?

reflection

which speech sound would you expect toward the higer-frequency portion of the speech banana

/s/

what shows on the x-axis of a spectrum

frequency

sound changes direction because it encounters a difference in air temp. this is called

refraction

wave a completes 12 cycles in 1 second. wave b completes 4 cycles in 1 second. which wave would have the higher pitch

wave a

which paring correctly matches an acoustical/physical property with its perceptual correleation

frequency & pitch

2 waves are traveling through the same medium. wave x has a higher frequency than wave y. which statement is true

x has a shorter wavelength

T OR F: during face-to-face speech the vocal folds serve as the medium that transmits sound from the speaker to the listener

false

characterizied by minimal movement of individual molecules and potentially extensive propagation of the changes in pressure

wave motion

outermost area of the sphere

wave front

the farther the changes in air pressure travel from the source, the more damped they become the area of the wave front is proportinal to the square of its distance from source

inverse square law

restoring force acting upon an object is directly proportional to the displacement form its equilibruim position

simple harmonic motion

one cycle of vibration

frequency

pressure change rather than in terms of individual movements of molecules

cycle of vibration

unit of measurement of fequency

hertz

time it takes for one cycle of vibration to occur

period

relative timeing of compression and rarefactions of waves

phase

wave in which each cycles take the same amount of time to occur

periodic

without a period: a wave in which cycles do not take the same amount of time to occur

aperiodic

distance covered by one complete cycle of wave

wave length

amount of dsiplacemnt of an object from its rest position

amplitude

sound with only one frequency

pure tone

graph with time on the horizontal axis

wave form

sounds with 2 or more frequenices

complex sounds

lowest frequency of a complex periodic sound

fundamental frequency F0

frequencies above F0 in a complex periodic sound

harmonic frequency

mathematical prodceure to identify the individual sinusoids in a complex sound

fourier analysis

graph in which frequenies in a complex periodic sounds are depicted as vertical lines

line spectrum

daming of a wave

absorption

a waves collision with a surface and traveling back toward the source

reflection

process of generating a sound that lasts slightly longer due to interaction of incident and reflected waves

reverberation

change in the direction of a wave as it traveling due to a local difference in air temp

refraction

change in direction of a wave as it travels around an obstacle

diffraction

sound wave generated by a vibrating object

incident wave

wave that combines and increases the amplitude of the resulting wave

constructive interference

waves that combines and descreaes the amplitude of the resluting wave

destrustive interference

scale in which successive units increase by the same amount

linear sclale

scale in which successive units increase by increasing amounts

logarthimic scale

a logarthimic ration scale that compares the amplitude and/or intesnisty of a target sound to a standard refernce sound

decible scales

tendency of a system to vibrate with the greatest amplitude in response to a frequency that matches or comes close to its own natural frequency

resonance

frequency at which an object vibrates freely

natural frequency

frequency that acts as an input to a resonator

applied frequency

object that vibrates in response to another vibration; mechanical or acoustic

resonator

occurs due to the elastic properties of air

helmholtz

air filled containes in which the air is forced to vibrate in response to another vibration

accoustical resonance

produces when two identical waves traveling in the opposite direction interfere with another

standing wave

resonator that is open at one end and closed at the other

quarter wave resonator

range of frequencies that is a resonator will transmits

bandwitdth

what is the medium in speech

air

what is the energy source in speech

lungs

what is the vibratory mechanism in speech

vocal folds

why does sound travel faster through solids?

more dense and more elastic

which is the correct speech chain

linguistic, physiological, acoustic, physiological, linguistic

velocity in m/s

340

velocity in cm/s

34000