unit 8

major neurocognitive disorder

experience confusion, memory loss, and sometimes physical challenges

• Major neurocognitive disorder usually appears later in life and was formally known in dementia.

Electroconvulsive Shock Therapy (ECT)

A biomedical therapy for severe depression involving the delivery of a brief electric current through the brain of an anesthetized patient.

• w/ ppl who dont respond to other therapies

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

Administers a weak 1- to 2-milliamp current to the scalp to stimulate brain activity.

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)

Involves the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to stimulate or suppress brain activity.

Deep-Brain Stimulation (DBS)

An experimental treatment targeting a neural hub to treat depression via implanted electrodes in the brain.

Psychosurgery

Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an attempt to change behavior, considered the most drastic and least-used biomedical intervention.

Lobotomy

A psychosurgical procedure that severs nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the brain to calm emotional or violent patients.

Resilience

Personal strength that aids individuals in coping with stress, adversity, and trauma.

Posttraumatic Growth

Positive psychological changes resulting from struggling with extremely challenging circumstances or life crises.

Trephining

stone age treatment of psydisorder by drilling holes in skulls to rid of evil spirits

Psych disorder

significant disturbnce in ones cognition,emotions,behavior - maladaptive/dysfuntional

vulnerability stress model

suggests gene predispositions combine w/ environ to develop psych disorder

Anxiety Disorders

generalized, panic disorder, phobias, OCD, PTSD

Generalized anxiety disorder

continuous feeling of ANS arousal, no apparent reason (chronic)

Panic Disorder

unpredictable episodes of intense dread/panic attacks

• worry abt next attack

Agoraphobia

fear of situations wher escape is difficult

• may stay at home (maladaptive behaviour)

Phobia

• FEAR OR AVOIDANCE

• persistant and Irrational

PPIAF

OCD

obsessive (thoughts) cumpulsions (actions)

• interferes w everyday life

PTSD

after traumatic experience, bad memories, nightmares, anxiety

DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS

• major, persistant, bipolar

BPM

• HOPELESSNESS LETHARGY

  • HL

Major Depressive Disorder

• hopelessness/lethargy

• 5 symtoms for two or more weeks

Persistent Depressive disorder

• lasting, milder

• at leastt 5 symptoms

Bipolar Disorder

states of mania and depression

Happiness Neurotransmitters

Norepineprine, Serotonin

Explanatory style

• what we blame for failures

• ppl depressed have -ve explanatory style

Schizophenia

delusions, hallucinations, live in own world

• excess dopamine

DHL

Schizophenia +ve sympotoms

• hallusinations (false sensory)

• disordered talking

• inappropriante laughing, rage etc

Schizophenia -ve

• no emotions

  • emotionless flat effect

• expressionless

• rigid bodies

Chronia Schizo

• symptoms appear early adult, gradual devlop, recovery no good

Acute Schizophrenia

• onset is sudden, reaction to sress, good recovery

Somatic Disorders

• body smptom felt but unexplainable

  • conversion & illness anxiety

Conversion Disorder

• feel physical symptoms w/o medical condition

illness anxiety disorder

• interpret normal sensations as disease symptoms

Disociative Disorders

dissconected w/ thoughts, identity, memories etc

• fuegue state (not knowing who you are)

DID (dissociative identity disorder)

• 2 or more distinct personalities

Personality Disorders

inflexable enduring behaviour patterns, impai social functioning

• IEBP

• 3 clusters: anxiety, eccentric, dramatic

• eg, antisocial dis.

Antisocial Personality Dsorder

• lack of conscience one feels for wrongdoing

Psychotherapy

treat w/ psych techniques (therapist and some1 wanting to achieve personal growth)

Biomedical Therapy

• acting on physiology

Psychoanalysis

• unconscious/repressed feelings to gain self-insight

  • free association, dream, resistances

Psychodynamic Therapy

• unconscious conflicts

• reduce w/ self insight

• face to face

Insight therapy

• increase awareness of unconscious to improve finctioning

• humanistic and psychodynamic

Humanistic therapy

• promote drowth/ flurishing

• conscious>unconscious

Client Centered Therapy

• Rogers

• active listening (clarify, echo, restate) REC

• client leads disscussion

• unconditional +ve regard

Behaviour Therapy

maladaptive behavious are learned so unlearn it

• classical conditioning, exposure, aversive condiitioning

Counterconditioning

• classical conditioning, to get new respnses to -ve stimuli

  • exposure & aversive

Exposure therapies

Systematic Desensitization: relaxed stte w/ anxiety stimuli go up pyramid of most anxiety situations

VR: safely face fears

Aversive Conditioning

• unpleasant state w/ unwanted behaviour

  Alcohol & sick drug

Cogntive Therapy

• promote healthy ways of thinking

• train to dispute -ve thoughts and attributions

Rational-emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT)

• (Ellis)

• cognitive therapy

• challenge -ve thoughts

Aaron Beck CBT

• challenge automatic -ve thoughts

• target where cycle begins

Catastrophizing

• self blaming behaviour

"Im going to forget everything on the test"

Cognitive behavioural

promote healthy think and adaptive behaviours

• alter thinking and actions

Meta Analysis

• combinging results from diff research studies

Eye movement Desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

think of -ve events while focusing on something (waving finger)

• reconsolidate -ve memories in safe context

Light Exposure Therapy

• timed, intense light

Psychotherapy 3 benefits

1. Hope

2. new perspective

3. empathitic relationship

HNE

Psychopharmacology

• study of drugs effects on mind/behaviour

Antipsychotic Drugs

• treats severe though dsorders (schizo)

• dopamin antagonist

Antianxiety Drugs

• depress CNS activity

• reduces agitation/anxiety

Mood stabilizing drugs

• controls out of cotrol feelins

• eg. litium levels BPD