MEDSURG CH 13 FINAL

What is hematopoiesis?

The formation of blood cells, occurring in red bone marrow.

Where is red bone marrow found?

In the ends (epiphyses) of long bones.

Which type of bone is the femur?

Long bone.

What bones are classified as short bones?

Bones in the hands and feet.

Name two flat bones.

Sternum and skull.

What is an example of an irregular bone?

Vertebrae.

What are the main functions of joints (articulations)?

To hold bones together and allow flexibility/movement.

Which joint type allows no movement?

Synarthrosis.

Which joint type allows slight movement?

Amphiarthrosis.

Which joint type allows free movement?

Diarthrosis.

What connective tissue surrounds individual muscle fibers?

Endomysium.

What structure anchors muscle to bone?

Tendons.

What neurotransmitter initiates muscle contraction?

Acetylcholine.

What enzyme breaks down acetylcholine to allow muscle relaxation?

Cholinesterase.

What is flexion?

Movement that decreases the angle between two bones.

What is extension?

Movement that increases the angle between bones.

What is abduction?

Movement of a limb away from the midline.

What is adduction?

Movement of a limb toward the midline.

What is rotation?

Bone movement around its longitudinal axis.

What is supination?

Turning the palm upward.

What is pronation?

Turning the palm downward.

What is dorsiflexion?

Tilting the foot upward.

What is plantar flexion?

Pointing the foot downward.

What technology does MRI use?

Magnets and radio waves.

What precaution must be taken before an MRI?

Remove metal items; avoid if patient has metal implants.

What does a CT scan do?

Produces 3D X-ray images, often with contrast dye.

Why should patients be NPO before a CT scan?

To reduce risk of aspiration with contrast dye.

What should you check for before giving iodine contrast?

Iodine or shellfish allergy.

What is a bone scan used for?

To detect bone tumors and disease.

What is arthrocentesis?

Withdrawal of synovial fluid from a joint for diagnosis.

What is arthroscopy?

Endoscopic exam of a joint, commonly the knee.

What type of disorder is rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Chronic, systemic autoimmune disorder.

What joints are commonly affected in RA?

Wrists, knees, knuckles—symmetrical involvement.

What lab findings are associated with RA?

Positive rheumatoid factor, elevated ESR and CRP.

What causes osteoarthritis (OA)?

Degeneration due to wear and tear.

Which joints are typically affected by OA?

Usually unilateral—hands, hips, spine.

What are Heberden’s and Bouchard’s nodes?

Bony enlargements in fingers due to OA.

What is ankylosing spondylitis?

Progressive inflammation causing spine fusion.

What complication can occur with severe kyphosis?

Respiratory difficulty.

What causes gouty arthritis?

Uric acid crystal buildup in joints.

Which joint is most commonly affected by gout?

The big toe.

What are tophi?

Uric acid crystal deposits in tissues like the ear or joints.

What foods should be avoided with gout?

Organ meats, sardines, alcohol (high purine foods).

What class is Meloxicam and what is it used for?

NSAID; treats inflammation and arthritis pain.

What side effects should nurses monitor for with NSAIDs?

GI bleeding, hypertension, pancreatitis.

What should be avoided when taking NSAIDs?

Aspirin-containing products.

What is Methotrexate used for?

Slows progression of RA.

What is Hydroxychloroquine used for and what’s a risk?

RA/lupus; risk of retinal damage—needs regular eye exams.

Why is acetaminophen preferred in OA?

It has fewer GI and renal side effects.

When is colchicine used?

During acute gout flares.

What does allopurinol do?

Prevents uric acid formation.

What does probenecid do?

Increases uric acid excretion.

What dietary advice should be given for a patient with gout?

Avoid purine-rich foods and increase fluid intake.

Why is hydration important in gout?

Helps flush uric acid and prevent crystal formation.

What type of exercise helps prevent osteoporosis?

Weight-bearing exercise.

How often should eye exams be done for someone taking hydroxychloroquine?

Every 6 months.

What lab tests should be monitored during therapy with DMARDs?

CBC, liver, and renal function tests.

How should alendronate be taken?

With water, 30 minutes before food or medications.