Untitled Flashcards Set

General John J. “Blackjack” Pershing

American military leader who commanded the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I.

Central Powers (Triple Alliance)

Alliance in WWI consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire.

Allies (Triple Entente)

Alliance in WWI consisting of France, Britain, and Russia.

Zimmermann Note

Secret telegram from Germany to Mexico proposing a military alliance against the U.S.

Lusitania

British ocean liner sunk by a German U-Boat, influencing U.S. public opinion against Germany.

Sussex pledge

German promise to modify their submarine warfare policy after sinking the Sussex.

U-Boat

German submarine used during World War I and II.

Trench Warfare

Type of combat in WWI where soldiers fight from deep ditches to protect themselves.

Western front/ Eastern front

Primary battle lines in WWI; Western front in France and Eastern front in Russia.

Russian Revolution

Revolution in 1917 that led to the rise of the Soviet Union.

Selective Service Act

Law passed in 1917 to authorize the federal government to draft soldiers.

Harlem Hellfighters

African American infantry regiment that fought in WWI, known for their bravery.

Herbert Hoover, Food Administration

Federal agency responsible for food management during WWI.

War Industries Board

Agency created to coordinate the production of war materials in WWI.

War Labor Board

Agency that mediated labor disputes to prevent strikes during WWI.

Committee on Public Information

Government agency that aimed to influence public opinion on the war.

Espionage Act (1917)

Law prohibiting interference with military operations or recruitment.

Fourteen Points

President Wilson's proposal for peace following WWI, outlining principles for a new world order.

Big Four

The leaders of the four major Allied powers: the US, the UK, France, and Italy.

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty that ended World War I and imposed heavy reparations on Germany.

Article X

Part of the League of Nations covenant calling for mutual defense.

Senator Henry Cabot Lodge

Opposed the U.S. joining the League of Nations after WWI.

Red Scare

Period of anti-communist hysteria in the U.S. following World War I.

Espionage & Sedition Acts (1918)

Laws that made it a crime to speak against the war or government.

Palmer raids

Government actions to arrest and deport radical leftists during the Red Scare.

Schenck v. U. S. [1919]

Supreme Court case that upheld the Espionage Act, declaring free speech is not absolute during wartime.

Red Summer (race riots)

Racial violence in the U.S. during the summer and early fall of 1919.

“Return to Normalcy”

Warren G. Harding's campaign promise to restore the pre-WWI status quo.

Volstead Act

Legislation that enforced Prohibition in the United States.

Al Capone

Infamous gangster during Prohibition known for organized crime.

Consumer durable

Goods that are not purchased frequently, expected to last a long time.

Immigration Acts (1921, 1924)

Laws designed to limit immigration to the U.S. based on national origin.

“National Origins” quota system

System established to regulate immigration by limiting the number of immigrants from each country.

Sacco & Vanzetti

Italian immigrants executed for murder, raising questions about fairness and radicalism.

Washington Naval Conference

1921 conference to limit naval armaments and prevent naval arms races.

Kellogg-Briand Treaty

1928 agreement to outlaw war as an instrument of national policy.

Dawes Plan/ Young Plan

Plans to restructure Germany's reparations payments after WWI.

Five-Power Treaty

Agreement among major nations to limit naval armaments.

flappers / the “New Woman”

Women of the 1920s known for their progressive attitudes and fashion.

Great Migration

Movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban areas in the North.

Harlem Renaissance

Cultural movement of the 1920s celebrating African American intellectual and artistic achievements.

Langston Hughes

Prominent poet and social activist during the Harlem Renaissance.

A. Phillip Randolph

Labor leader and civil rights activist who organized the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.

Jazz

A musical genre that originated in the African American communities of the South.

“New Negro”

Term used during the Harlem Renaissance emphasizing pride in black culture.

“The Lost Generation”

Group of American writers who expressed disillusionment after WWI.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

American author known for his novel 'The Great Gatsby,' depicting the Jazz Age.

Ernest Hemingway [A Farewell to Arms]

American novelist known for his terse prose and themes of war and loss.

The Jazz Singer

The first significant 'talkie' film that revolutionized the movie industry.

fundamentalists

People who believe in a strict, literal interpretation of religious texts.

Billy Sunday

Evangelist known for his energetic preaching style and anti-vice campaigns.

Aimee Semple MacPherson

Famous evangelist and founder of the Foursquare Church.

Scopes Trial

1925 trial over the teaching of evolution in schools, highlighting the conflict between science and religion.

Henry Ford [Model T]

Founder of Ford Motor Company and pioneer of assembly line production, making cars affordable.

Marcus Garvey

Black nationalist leader who promoted the 'Back to Africa' movement.

Charles Lindbergh/ “Spirit of St. Louis”

Aviator who made the first solo nonstop transatlantic flight.

Babe Ruth

One of the greatest baseball players of all time, known for his home runs.

Teapot Dome Scandal

A bribery scandal involving the leasing of oil reserves.

Bruce Barton (The Man Nobody Knows)

Book by Bruce Barton depicting Jesus as a successful businessman.

Warren G. Harding

The 29th President of the United States whose administration was marked by scandal.

Ohio Gang

Group of corrupt government officials linked to President Harding.

Teapot Dome

Location of a major bribery scandal during Harding's presidency.

Calvin Coolidge

The 30th President known for his belief in minimal government intervention in business.

Birth of a Nation (D.W. Griffith)

Controversial film that glorified the Ku Klux Klan and depicted racial stereotypes.

Alfred E. Smith

First Catholic presidential candidate, ran in 1928.

Black Tuesday

The day the stock market crashed, marking the start of the Great Depression.

“Hoovervilles”

Shantytowns built by the homeless during the Great Depression.

Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930)

Highly protective tariff that worsened the Great Depression by slowing international trade.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Agency created to provide financial support to banks and businesses during the Great Depression.

Bonus Army

Group of WWI veterans who marched on Washington to demand bonuses.

Good Neighbor Policy

Foreign policy embraced by FDR aimed at improving relations with Latin America.

Nye Report

Senate investigation into the causes of U.S. involvement in WWI.

1st Hundred Days

First three months of FDR's presidency marked by rapid enactment of new legislation.

Fireside Chat

Informal radio addresses by FDR to communicate directly with the American public.

“Relief, Recovery, Reform!”

FDR’s goals for the New Deal to address the Great Depression.

bank holiday

Temporary closure of banks to prevent bank runs during the Great Depression.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (FDIC)

Established in 1933 to insure bank deposits and restore public confidence.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

New Deal program to provide jobs in natural resource conservation.

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

New Deal legislation aimed at stimulating economic recovery.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

New Deal program designed to boost agricultural prices by reducing surpluses.

Federal Emergency Relief Admin. (FERA)

Relief agency that provided jobs and cash assistance to the unemployed.

Public Works Administration (PWA)

New Deal program that funded large public works projects to create jobs.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Federal agency created to regulate the stock market and protect investors.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

New Deal program providing electricity and economic development in the Tennessee Valley.

National Youth Administration (NYA)

New Deal agency providing work and education for young Americans.

Wagner Act/ NLRA (1935)

Labor law that established workers' rights to unionize and bargain collectively.

Fair Labor Standards Act

Law that set minimum wage and maximum working hours in the U.S.

John L. Lewis

Union leader who helped found the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO).

Okies

Term for displaced farm families from the Dust Bowl who migrated to California.

Frances Perkins, Secty. of Labor

First female cabinet member in U.S. history, serving under FDR.

Huey Long [the “Kingfish”] /“Share the Weath”

Political leader who proposed wealth redistribution during the Great Depression.

Father Charles Coughlin

Catholic priest and radio host known for his anti-Semitic and populist rhetoric.

Election of 1936

Outcome saw FDR reelected amid the New Deal successes.

“Court Packing”

FDR's controversial plan to increase the number of Supreme Court justices.

Schechter Poultry Corp. v. U. S. [1935]

Supreme Court case that struck down the NIRA as unconstitutional.

National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)

Agency created to enforce labor laws and protect workers' rights to organize.

Civil Works Administration (CWA)

Temporary New Deal program that provided work for unemployed workers.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

New Deal agency that created millions of jobs through public works projects.

Social Security Act

Legislation that established a social welfare system, providing retirement benefits.

Govt. deportations

Government-led removals of undocumented immigrants during the Great Depression.