Exam 2 - adrenal medulla

where does the adrenal medulla originate from

neuroectoderm

what is a precursor for synthesis of catecholamines

tyrosine

what is the chemical signal for secretion of catecholamines

Ach

what cells foes Ach act on? what does this increase the activity of?

chromaffin cells

tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine B-hydroxylase

is epi or NE secreted in larger amounts to the blood when Ach stimulates chromaffin cells

epi

what causes the medulla to release Epi and NE

hypotension, hypovolemia, hypothermia hypoglycemia, trauma, pain, anxiety

what are the 2 major types of adrenergic receptors

alpha and beta

which receptors does NE mainly excite? Epi?

alpha

both equally

what does stimulation of alpha receptors cause

VC, decrease insulin, sweat, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

what does stimulation of beta receptors cause

VD, renin release, glucagon secretion, cardiac contraction and rate

what effect does epinephrine have on insulin and glucagon

inhibit insulin

promote glucagon secretion

both epi and NE increase what routes of carb metabolism

glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

both Epi and NE increase breakdown of TAG which increase what

FFA in circulation

does Epi or NE influence metabolic functions more

epi

what kind of hormone are catecholamines

amine

what is mechanism of action for alpha receptors

phospholipase c

what is mechanism of action for beta receptors

adenylyl cyclase

what is the etiology of a primary pathology of the adrenal gland

defective adrenal cortex

what may cause secondary pathology of adrenal gland

defect in anterior pituitary or hypothalalmus

what are clinical findings of addison disease

low sodium, low blood pressure, low cortisol

Describe: ACTH levels, cortisol levels, aldosterone levels, is there hyperpigmentation, androgen levels in addison disease/primary adrenocortical insufficiency

ACTH high

cortisol low

aldosterone low

hyperpigmentation

androgens low

Describe: ACTH levels, cortisol levels, aldosterone levels, is there hyperpigmentation, androgen levels in secondary adrenocortical insufficiency

ACTH low

cortisol low

aldosterone normal

no hyperpgimentation

androgens low

cushing syndrome has what origin? cushing disease has what origin?

adrenal

pituitary

what causes the symptoms of Cushing

excessive glucocorticoids and adrenal androgens

what are some treatments for Cushing syndrome/disease

ketoconazole or metyrapone

primary hyperaldosteronism is also known as

Conn syndrome

what is the name of a rare benign tumor of the chromaffin tissue

pheochromocytoma

what does pheochromocytoma secrete

NE and epi