4.3: Columbian Exchange 1450-1750 t

The Columbian Exchange refers to the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World following Christopher Columbus's voyages in the late 15th century.

What is the best definition of the Columbian Exchange?

Smallpox

Which disease had the most devastating effect on Indigenous populations in the Americas?

Native Americans had no prior exposure to these diseases, resulting in little to no immunity, which led to high mortality rates when confronted with infections such as smallpox.

Why were Native Americans particularly vulnerable to Old World diseases?

The horse, which transformed hunting and transportation for many Indigenous tribes.

Which animal introduced by Europeans had the greatest impact on Native American life in the Great Plains?

Potatoes and maize

What was one major food crop introduced to Europe from the Americas that contributed to population growth?

Sugarcane, cultivated on plantations

What crop was the foundation of Portuguese economic success in Brazil during the early colonial period?

Because of high mortality rates among Native Americans due to diseases and conflict, as well as their diminishing population, Europeans sought a more resilient labor source for plantation agriculture.

Why did Europeans turn to enslaved Africans instead of relying on Native American labor?

Many enslaved Africans in Brazil originated from West Africa, as they were forcibly transported to work on sugarcane plantations.

Where did many of the enslaved Africans used in Brazil originate from?

The introduction of new crops and livestock led to population increases in various regions of Africa, enhancing food security and livelihoods.

What was a surprising demographic effect of the Columbian Exchange in Africa?

Crops such as maize, cassava, peanuts

Which foods were introduced to Africa through the Columbian Exchange?

It led to deforestation, soil depletion, and loss of biodiversity.

What environmental consequence resulted from European-style agriculture in the Americas?

To find a direct route to Asia for trade.

Which of the following best describes the initial goal of many European explorers in the Americas?

The rise in demand for labor-intensive crops like sugar and tobacco in the Americas.

What economic trend led to an increase in the trans-Atlantic slave trade during the Columbian Exchange?

The indigenous crops and animals of the Americas.

Which of the following was not introduced by Europeans to the Americas?

Christopher Columbus

Who is the Columbian Exchange named after?