Physio Unit 1 Concept 1

Bio Review

Cell

The most basic structural and functional unit of life. Smallest part of an organism still capable of all of life’s processes.

Organelle

Specialized structures within the cell that work together to help specific cells function

Macromolecule

Larger molecules (polymers) made of smaller molecules (monomer) typically linked together through covalent bonds. Located in the cell.

Nucleotide

Monomer of macromolecule Nucleic Acid. Makes up DNA and RNA.

Fatty Acid

Monomer of macromolecule Lipids. Makes fat, oils, steroids, and phospholipids.

Monosacharides

Monomer of macromolecule Carbohydrates. Includes glucose, fructose, and glycogen.

Amino Acid

Monomer for macromolecule Proteins. Includes enzymes, hormones, motor proteins, transport proteins.

Enzyme

Proteins that are biological catalysts. Speed up chemical reactions in the body.

Catalysts

Speed up biochemical reactions in the body by lowering the activation energy needed to get the reaction going.

Active Sites

Where enzymes bind to certain substrates. They are highly specific.

Differentiation

The process of stem cells, or undifferentiated cells, undergoing specialization to become specific types of specialized cells.

Characteristics of living things

Made of cells, respond to stimuli, able to grow and reproduce, use energy (metabolism), and contain DNA or RNA as genetic material.

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like fluid inside of cells made of mostly water. Holds everything in place

Cell membrane

Selectively permeable membrane known as a phospholipid layer. Has 2 layers of phospholipids with hydrophilic and polar heads and hydrophobic and nonpolar tails. Carbohydrates embedded to aid in structure. Proteins to aid in transporting nutrients. Controls what goes in and out of cell. Small, non-polar, hydrophobic molecules pass easy. Polar and large molecules cannot pass easy.

Cytoskeleton

Threadlike fibers, made of proteins, includes microtubules, intermediatefilaments and microfilaments. Supports, maintains shape, motility and regulates biochemical processes.

Centrioles

Made of microtubules that “grow” out of centrioles. 2 centrioles are referred to as centrosome. Appears during cell division and helps divide by pulling chromosomes apart during anaphase.

Cilia

Shorter, more numerous, like tiny oars. Has similar projections that are short and more numerous called microvil. Move fluid across cell’s surface.

Flagella

Longer and fewer. Move entire cell through extracellular fluid.

Nucleus

Contains genetic material (DNA). When it appears threadlike it is considered chromatin. Chromatic = 46 chromosomes. Genes are sections of chromosomes that code for proteins. Surrounded by a nuclear envelope, with nucleolus in center, with pores controlling what goes in and out. Protects DNA that controls the activities of the cell. Nucleolus is where ribosomes are made.

Ribosomes

Made of proteins and rRNA. Located on Rough ER and floating in cytoplasm. Makes proteins. Ribosomes on Rough ER make proteins to export from cell. Ribosomes in cytoplasm make proteins to use in cell.

Rough ER

Has ribosomes on surface. Hugs nucleus. Network of membranes and sacs. Makes proteins and packages for secretion. Sends transport vesicles to the Golgi. (Vesicles = mini carts that transport proteins in and out of cell)

Smooth ER

No ribosomes on surface. Attached to the Rough ER. Network of membranes and sacs. Makes lipids. Chemically modifies small molecules. Site of glycogen degradation. Stores Ca^+2 molecules

Golgi Apparatus

Folded, flattened membrane sacs. Gets vesicles of protein from the Rough ER and further processes, modifies, and packages and sorts them for transport where they are needed.

Lysosomes

Contains hydrolytic enzymes for breaking stuff down. Breaks down dead stuff and can do programed cell death.

Vacuoles

Smaller and more numerous in animal cells. Storage for water, nutrients, waste, etc.

Mitochondria

Two parts: Folded inner membrane and enzyme packed fluid (matrix). Where cellular respiration takes place. Breaks down chemical energy in food to release it as usable energy.

Cell Membrane and how it controls what is in/out of cell

Made of many phospholipids with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. Heads are polar and tails are non-polar. Lets small, non-polar things pass through easily (water, etc). Does not let larger, polar things pass easily. Needs some things to come into cell, but keeps unwanted parts out of cell. Carbohydrates and proteins are imbedded to help with structure and the passing of nutrients.

Nucleic Acid

Monomer is nucleotides. Informational molecule that is the blueprint for life. Stores, transmits, and expresses genetic information.

Lipids

Monomer is fatty acid and glycerol. Energy storage molecule. Use structurally in cell membrane for protection and insulation.

Carbohydrates

Monomer is monosaccharides. Energy storage molecules. Used structurally to transport stored energy, and for recognition in signaling pathways.

Proteins

Monomer is amino acids. Everything else molecule. Enzymes, signaling receptors, structural regulatory protection, etc.

Distinction between DNA, chromosomes and genes

DNA is made of chromosomes which is made of genes. The DNA is made of 46 chromosomes. There are thousands of genes that make up each chromosome. This process provides the instructions for making proteins that run your body.

Role of enzymes in biochemical reactions

Enzymes are proteins that are biochemical catalysts. This means they speed up biochemical reactions (like metabolism) and lower the activation energy needed to start the reaction. These enzymes are highly specific and only bind to certain substrates at their active sites.

Levels of organization in an organism

Smallest to largest: Macromolecule, Chromosome, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism

Process of the cell cycle, subphase, and importance of chromosome duplication

Cell cycle is how cells make another cell. Consists of three main phases. First is interphase. DNA is doubled to make sister chromatids during the end of this phase ot prepare for division. Next is Mitosis. Consists of Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telephase. Last is cytokenisis where the cytoplasm splits and forms a new cell. Chromosome duplication is important so that the body can make an exact replica of itself, unless a mutation occurs.

Form dictates function

Comes from the idea of stem cells. Stem cells are cells without any specialized organelles and therefore do not have a true function yet. Once they develop specialized organelles, they now have a specific role. Therefore, the form of the cell decides what the role of the cell is.

Neurons

Located in nervous system. Specialize in communication in the body. Specialized structures are dendrites (short extensions) for receiving signals and axons (long extensions) for signals.

Osteoblasts

Located in skeletal system. They make bones. Have lots of ER, ribosomes, and golgi bodies for making proteins.

Smooth Muscle Cell

In airways, blood vessels, digestive system, eyes, etc. Manage width of pathways and only relax/flex muscles when necessary. Have sarcoplasm, much mitochondria, rough ER and glycogen granules.

Cardiac Muscle Cells

Located in walls of heart. Contracts for pumping blood and circulation. Have more mitochondria than most cells and specialized organelles called myofibris.

Skeletal Muscle Cells

Muscle system, part of all muscles attached to bone. Controls voluntary movement. Have multiple nuclei, and extra mitochondria.

Red blood cells

Made in bone marrow and travel in blood through body. Lack organelles so they have more space for hemaglobin and shape is maximized for diffusion.

White blood cells

Made in bone marrow, part of immune system. Protects body against infection. Have more lysosomes than most cells.

Fat cells

Beneath skin and around organs, breast tissue, and bone marrow. Stores energy and provides insulation to organs. Nearly 90% is structure for storage in a large vacoule with all other organelles pushed to side.

Stem cells

Mostly in developing embryos but can be found in adults too. Are undifferentiated and can become any type of cell based on gene expression. No specialized structures since they are not differentiated.

Photoreceptor cells

In the retina in the back of your eye, in the peripheral nervous system. Allows us to see by converting light into signals that we process. Have and entire region filled with mitochondria and a specialized extension for sending signals.

Sperm cells

Made in testes, stored in epididymus and exists through semen. Designed to deliver the biological info (DNA) from a male to a female. Has nucleus and special enzymes to allow the egg to recieve it. Packed with mitochondria.

Ovum (egg) cells

Made and stored in ovaries until ovulation when one is released. Designed to hold biological info from a female and nutrients for a zygote. Extra layers of padding all around cell membrane.