Organic Chemistry

Flashcards for Organic Chemistry Lecture

Organic Chemistry

Study of carbon-based compounds

Organic Compounds

Compounds where carbon atoms are nearly always bonded to each other, H atoms, etc.

Inorganic Compounds

Includes carbonates (CO3 2-), cyanides (CN-), carbides (C2-), oxides of carbon (CO, CO2), compounds not containing carbon along with other elements.

Empirical Formula

Simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in the compound.

Molecular Formula

Actual number of atoms covalently bonded to make a molecule.

Structural Formula

Shows which atoms are bonded to each other (connectivity).

Stereochemical Formula

Presents 3-dimensional molecular shape.

Functional Groups

A special arrangement of atoms that is mainly responsible for the chemical behavior of the molecule; determines physical properties.

Carboxylic Acid

R-COOH

Amine

R-NH2, R=primary, etc.

Ester

R-COOR'

Amide

R-CO-NH2

Aldehyde

R-CHO

Alkene

+C=C+

Alkyne

+C(triple bond)C+

Alkane

Single bond

Ketone

R-CO-R'

Ether

R-O-R'

Alcohol

R-OH

Arene

R-Ar

Hydrocarbons

Molecules containing only carbon atoms covalently bonded to hydrogen atoms.

Alkanes

Single covalent bond

Formula for Alkanes

Cn H2n+2

Prefixes

Denotes the # of C atoms in a chain

Alkenes

Double bond

Formula for Alkenes

Cn H2n

Alkynes

Triple bond

Formula for Alkynes

Cn H2n -2

Cyclic Compound

Ends of a carbon chain connect = ring structure

Cycloalkanes

Cn H2n

Cycloalkenes

Cn H2n - 2

Cycloalkynes

Cn H2n - 4

Aromatic Compounds

Benzene C6H6

Hydrocarbon Derivatives

Contain other elements besides carbon and hydrogen like O, N, Halogens

Carboxylic acid

R-COOH, Suffix -oic acid

Ester

R-COOR', suffix -oate

Amide

R-CO-NH2, suffix -amide

Aldehyde

R-CHO, suffix -al

Ketone

R-CO-R', suffix -one

Alcohol

R-OH, suffix -ol

Amine

R-NH2, suffix -amine

Ether

R-O-R', suffix -oxy

Haloalkane

X=F, Cl, Br, I. Prefix/middle -fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo

Isomers

Molecules with the same molecular formula but atoms are arranged differently, resulting in different chemical/physical properties.

Stereoisomers

Molecules that have their atoms bonded together in the same sequence but differ in orientation in space

Enantiomers

mirror images of each other and a single carbon atom bonded to 4 different types of atoms/groups.

Diastereoisomers

Stereoisomers that aren't mirror images.

Polar molecules

A molecule having a net dipole moment

Hydrogen bonding

N-H, O-H, F-H

Addition reactions

An unsaturated hydrocarbon reacts with either a small molecule.

Markovnikov's rule

When a small molecule is added to an alkene, the H atoms in the small molecule will attach to the carbon of the double bond that is already bonded to the most hydrogen atoms.

Elimination reactions

Reverse of addition reactions

Substitution reactions

One atom (or group) is replaced by a different atom (or group).

Condensation reactions

2 Molecules combine to form a larger molecule and a small molecule (normally water).

Hydrolysis reactions

Water breakdown

Oxidation reaction

Carbon atoms gains more bonds to oxygen atoms.

Reduction Reaction

Carbon gains fewer bonds to oxygen.

Complete combustion

Hydrocarbon + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + energy

Polymers

Long chained molecule consisting of thousands of small repeating units called monomers.

Addition Polymerization

Monomers are alkenes or alkynes; Expand

Condensation Polymerization

Small molecules such as water, ammonia, hydrogen chloride is removed from adjacent molecules.