AP Psych Unit 5 Part 2 Dorothea Dix to post traumatic growth

dorthea dix

social reformer who championed the rights of the mentally ill, particularly those confined in asylums. Her efforts led to significant changes in how the mentally ill were cared for and treated, ultimately influencing the establishment of mental hospitals and improving the quality of care provided.

Deinstitutionalization

the process, begun in the late twentieth century, of moving people with psychological disorders out of institutional facilities.

psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

biomedical therapy

prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology

eclectic approach

an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy

Sigmund Freud

founder of psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist's interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.

Resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

Interpretation

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

transference

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

psychodynamic theory

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

Insight therapy

offer clients the oppurtunity to increase self-awareness and acceptance. they focus on the present, not on the past, and believe conscious thoughts are more important than the unconscious ones

person-centered therapy

a humanistic therapy, developed by Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to promote clients' growth. (Also called client-centered therapy.)

Carl rogers

individual potential, growth, and self-actualization. Rogers developed client-centered therapy, a form of psychotherapy that focuses on the client's subjective experience and promotes self-acceptance and personal growth.

Active listening

empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and seeks clarification. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy

Unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

Behavior therapy

therapy that uses learning principles to reduce unwanted behaviors.

Counterconditioning

a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

Mary Cover Jones

a pioneering psychologist who used classical conditioning to help children overcome phobias. known for her "Little Peter" experiment, where she successfully de-conditioned a child's fear of rabbits.

Joseph wolpe

described use of systematic desensitization to treat phobias

Exposure therapies

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid

Systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

Virtual reality exposure therapy

a counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety by creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

Aversive conditioning

associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

B.F. Skinner

operant conditioning

Token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

Cognitive therapy

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Albert ellis

Developed "rational emotive behavior therapy" (REBT)

Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

Aaron Beck

pioneer in Cognitive Therapy. Suggested negative beliefs cause depression.

Cognitive behavioral therapy

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

Group therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

Family therapy

therapy that treats people in the context of their family system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Meta-analysis

a statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion

Evidence-based practice

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

Therapeutic alliance

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem

Psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

Antipsychotic drugs

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

Antianxiety drugs

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

Antidepressant drugs

drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. (Several widely used antidepressant drugs are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors—SSRIs.)

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

Psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue to change behavior

Lobotomy

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

Hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur; in a therapuetic context, the hypnotist attempts to use suggestion to reduce unpleasant physical sensations or emotions

Dissociation

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

posthypnotic suggestion

a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

posttraumatic growth

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises