stage 2 ground preparation

class A (controlled airspace)

18,000 - 60,000 feet

covers water 12 NM over the shoes.

ATC clearance needed.

pilot needs to be insturment rated

equipment needed: mode c, two way radio, ads-b out, plane be IFR equipped.

Class B (controlled airspace)

(charted blue)

SFC - 10,000 MSL

3 SM COC

ATC clearance

transponder mode c, two way radio, ADS-B out

you can enter as a student pilot with an endorsement.

class C ( controlled airspace )

(Charted soild magenta)

SFC - 4,000 AGL 5SM

1,200 - 4,000 AGL 10SM

3SM 152

two way radio entry

two way radio, transponder mode C, ADS-B out

class D

( charted blue dashed )

SFC - 2,500 AGL 4NM

3sm, 152

entry two way radio

only two way radio equipment required.

class E (controlled airspace)

( charted as dashed magenta, faded magenta, or uncharted)

starts at SFC, 700, 1,200, or 14,500 and goes up to 17,999 MSL

below 10,000 MSL 3SM 152

above 10,000 MSL 5SM 111

above 10,000 MSL mode C transponder and ADS-B out

class G ( uncontrolled airspace )

(charted as faded blue, or zipper line blue)

SFC - 14,500

under 1,200 AGL 1SM COC

1,200-10,000 1SM 152

10,000 MSL 5SM 1-1-1

night time: 3SM 152

when do you need a mode c transponder?

ABC

E above 10,000 MSL and 2,500 AGL

G above 10,000 MSL and 2,500 AGL

30nm from surface to 10,000 feet MSL of all big airports

all aircraft in airspace above celling and within lateral bounds of class b or class c designed for an airport upward 10,000 feet MSL

when do you need a ADS-B out?

ABC

E above 10,000 feet MSL and 2,500 feet AGL

30nm from surface to 10,000 feet MSL of all big airports

all aircraft in airspace above celling and within lateral bounds of class b or class c designed for an airport upward 10,000 feet MSL

class E airspace at and above 3,000 feet MSL over Gulf of Mexico from the coastline of US out to 12 NM

lost comms at a tower airport

at least above 2,000 feet AGL ( 1,000 feet AGLO is general traffic pattern and 1,500 feet AGL is turbojet large aircraft traffic pattern altitude

make a phone call to the tower

circle around the tower

transponder code 7600

get light gvn signal.

non toward airport lost communications

at least above 2,000 feet AGL (1,000 feet AGL is general aviation traffic pattern altitude and 1,500 feet AGL is turbojet large aircraft traffic pattern altitude)

find a traffic and follow them

ATC gun signal in air : steady green

cleared to land

ATC gun signal in air: flashing green

return for landing.

ATC gun signal in flight: alternating red and green

exercise extreme caution

ATC gun signal in flight: steady red

give way and cont. circling.

ATC gun signal in flight: flashing red

do not land

ATC gun signal on ground: steady green

cleared for takeoff

ATC gun signal on ground flashing green:

cleared for takeoff

ATC gun signal on ground flashing red:

taxi clear or runway in use

ATC gun signal on ground flashing white

return to starting point at airport

ATC gun signal on ground steady red

stop

what does ADS-B stand for

automatic dependent surveillance broadcast

what is ADS-B

is composed of aircraft avionics and a ground infrastructure. onboard avionics determine the position of aircraft by using the GPS and transmit its position, along with additional information about the aircraft, to ground stations for use by ATC and nearby ADS-B equipped aircraft.

radar services and procedurs

controllers radar scope (PVD) when operating in the full automation mode, which is 20 hr a day.

primary radar

radar antenna sends radio waves to any object, indicates only range and bearing from radar antenna to target. limitations: reflected by mtns, abnormal atmospheric conds, heavy clouds

secondary radar

transponder is required, mode c transponder (pressure altitude reporting) displays altitude on controller screen, transponder if a radar beacon, ATC beacon sends interrogations signals to secondary radar

VFR terminal radar services

provide separation between all participating VFR and IFR aircraft operating within TRSA. 510 feet separation ( ensure that correlated radar targets do not touch)

flight following

radar air traffic control facilities can provide radar traffic information service. request ver flight following (contact etc), service: weather, traffic, and airspace avoidance.

traffic advisory

if you request traffic advisory to ATC, they will provide traffic information for you to help avoid traffic collision, not required.

clearance delivery

if we set this frequent cycle or call through certain phone number, we can get clearance for XC enroute. can obtain through certain clearance frequency or fss.

CRAFT

clearance

route

altitude

frequancy

transponder code

4 Ws

who are you talking yo

who are you

where are you

what do you want

affirmative vs Roger

affirmative means yes.

Roger means message received and understood

negative vs unable

negative means no and unable means u legally or safely cannot comply

WILCO

will comply

words twice

asking for a repeat

do u need to make a call for a straight into land

no

flight service station

1800 wx brief

press 1, UT 88

RCO

122.1R

RCO

remote communication outlet

an unmanned air/ground communications facility that is remotely controlled and provides vhf or vhf communications capability to extend the service range of an FSS.

to enter a class C or D

two way radio communication.

to enter class A or B

atc clearance

if ur lost while flying

use the 5cs

circle, climb

call

confess

comply

conserve

special VFR

(may only be conducted w)

atc clearence

clear of clouds

1 SM

between sunrise and sunset.

VFR corridor ( in class B airspace)

don’t need atc clearance, don’t exceed 200 knots

flight restricted zones

capitol and white house

ate requiIred

must file IFR or DCFRZ to get in

transition route ←>

must get ate clearance to use transition routes

speed limit under 10,000 MSL

250 knots

below 2,500 AGL and within 4NM of class C or D speed limit is

200 knots

underlying class B airspace speed limit is

200 knots

Restricted Areas

if cold, you can fly. if warm you need atc clearance.

military operation areas

you can go in without arc clearance, but do not go into there bc of training jet fire. to separate military and IFR flights.

alert area

no act clearance needed, recommended not to go in bc of extreme caution.

controlled firing areas

when aircrafts are crossing, all launchers will be stopped.

( military training route ) IR 1206 VR 1207

no segment above 1,500 feet AGL

( military training route ) IR 206, VR207

one or more segment above 1,500 AGL are indetifed by 3 number characters, extreme vigilance, contact FSS within 100 NM.

information you can find non sectional charts

detailed information, airspace, navigation aides,

when would u need a VFR terminal chart

in/ near a class B airspace

rank gps routes ( T routes) and victor airways

4NM width on each side, 1,200 AGL to 17,999 MSL

temporary flight restriction

do not enter!

get more info from faa websites.

air defense indentifcation zones

to go through

mode C transponder, two way radio comm, ADS-B out, IFR or DVFR flight plan.

minimum safe altitude over congested areas

1000 above 2000 horz

pilotage

navigation by reference to landmarks or checkpoints

dead reckoning

navigation solely by means of computations based on time, airspeed, distance, and direction

what its a VOR

navigational aid and provides 360 azimuth corses to or from VOR.\

rule of thumb: heading and radial should show same number at the top.

CDI movement

function of VOR

orientation: the VOR doesn’t account for the aircraft heading. it only relays the aircraft direction from the station and has same indications regardless of which way the nose is pointing.

Tracking to/from station: to track to the station, rotate the ops until it appears then center cdi. fly the course indicated by index.

course interception: if desired course is not the one being flown, orient aircraft position w respect to VOR station, then establish intercept heading.

TACAN

VOR azimuth, TACAN azimuth, and TACAN distance at one site.

VOR CHECK

every 30 days

+- 4 degrees

in air +-6 degrees

vor opertional errors:

reverse sensing, careless turning, failure to check accuracy, over/undershooting, mountains, cone of confusion.