Chapter 15 endocrine

hyposecretion

deficient hormone production

hypersecretion

excess hormone production

hormones

chemical substances released by endocrine glands

endocrine glands

- ductless

- secrete hormones into bloodstream

exocrine glands

- have ducts

- open onto a body surface

target organ

the organ/structure toward which the effects of a hormone are primarily directed

pituitary/hypophysis (gland)

- master gland

- releases hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands

pancreas

secretes digestive enzymes (exocrine function) and insulin and glucagon (endocrine function)

pineal gland

secretes melatonin to help control circadian rhythm

thyroid (gland)

- consists of bilateral lobes connected by a narrow strip of thyroid tissue

- regulates metabolism, growth, development

parathyroid (glands)

- four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland

- secretes PTH, regulates blood calcium levels

islets of Langerhans

pancreatic cells that perform an endocrine function (secrete insulin + glucagon)

pancreatic

pertaining to the pancreas

adrenal (gland)

lies above each kidney

adrenaline

- aka epinephrine

- secreted by adrenal glands

- "fight or flight" response, increases BP and cardiac output

androgen

- ex: testosterone

- secreted by testes

- development and maintennce of masculinizing characteristics

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

- made by hypothalamus, secreted by pituitary

- suppression of urine formation

cortisone

- secreted by adrenal glands

- regulates metabolism

estrogens

- female sex hormones (estradiol, estrone, etc.)

- secreted by ovaries

- aids fertilization, implantation, and nutrition of embryo

growth hormone

- secreted by pituitary gland

- stimulates and maintains size of growth

insulin

- secreted by the pancreas

- regulation of blood glucose

thyroxine

- secreted by thyroid

- cell metabolism

hyperthyroidism

abnormally increased activity of the thyroid

exophthalmos

protrusion of the eyeballs

goiter

enlargement of the thyroid gland (swollen neck)

euthyroid

normal thyroid function

hypothyroidism

decreased activity of the thyroid

diabetes insipidus

deficiency of ADH

diabetes mellitus

- produces hyperglycemia

- associated with insufficient/improper use of insulin

polyuria

excessive urination

polydipsia

excessive thirst

hyperglycemia

increased glucose in blood

glycosuria

sugar in urine

acromegaly

enlargement of the extremities (nose, fingers, etc.)

adenoma

tumor of a gland

cretinism

congenital hypothyroidism characterized by arrested physical and mental development

dwarfism

hyposecretion of GH in childhood

gigantism

hypersecretion of GH during childhood

hyperinsulinism

excessive secretion of insulin by pancreas, which causes hypoglycemia

hyperparathyroidism

increased activity of the parathyroid glands

hypoglycemia

abnormally low blood sugar

hypoparathyroidism

decreased activity of the parathyroid glands

hypopituitarism

diminished activity of the pituitary gland

myxedema

- results from hypothyroidism

- characterized by dry, waxy swelling of skin

thyrotoxicosis

morbid condition caused by excessive thyroid secretion

hypophysectomy

surgical removal or destruction of the hypophysis (pituitary)

antithyroid drugs

block production of thyroid hormones

thyroidectomy

excision of the thyroid

parathyroidectomy

excision of one or more parathyroids

adrenalectomy

excision of an adrenal gland

adenectomy

excision of a gland

insulin pump

portable device that delivers insulin through the abdominal wall

glucose-lowering agent

drug that lowers blood glucose (ex: insulin)

resection

excision of a significant part of an organ plus surrounding tissue

exenteration

extensive surgical removal of the tumor and all surrounding tissue

radiosensitive

cancerous tumors that are destroyed by radiation

radioresistant

cancerous tumors that are not affected by radiation

fractionation

radiation is administered several times in smaller units

linear accelerator (LINAC)

apparatus used in radiology that generates high-energy x-rays to treat cancer

brachytherapy

- aka internal radiotherapy

- type of cancer therapy that uses radioactive beads or seeds

stereotactic radiosurgery

gamma knife surgery used to treat brain tumors

chemotherapy

use of chemicals to treat cancer

bone marrow transplant (BMT)

transfer of bone marrow from one person to another

immunotherapy

use of immunostimulants and immunosuppressants to prevent and treat disease

stem cell transplantation

collection of stem cells from a compatible donor and administration to a recipient