HNDA unit 2.4, HNDA unit 2.3, HNDA Unit 2.2, HNDA Exam 2

A bundle of neural processes outside the central nervous system and in the peripheral nervous system

Nerve

Where neural impulses are transmitted between junctions of 2 neurons or a neuron and effector organ

Synapse

The chemical agents that are discharged to have the neural impulses cross the synapse to another cell

Neurotransmitters

What is a charge difference measured in millivolts?

Resting potential

Rapid depolarization of the cell membrane results in?

Action potential

- temporary reversal of the electric potential along the membrane for a brief period

After the action potential there is a brief period where the membrane cannot be stimulated

Refractory period

A neuron is composed of?

cell body and two types of cytoplasmic processes

neural processes include:

- axon= conducts impulses away from cell body, covered in myelin sheaths

- dendrite= contains multiple branches which function to receive and conduct impulses toward cell body

An accumulation of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS

Ganglion

EX: trigeminal ganglion

What are the types of nerves?

Afferent- sensory- towards the CNS from periphery

Efferent- movement- away from CNS to periphery

What are the divisions of the nervous system?

CNS- brain, spinal cord

PNS- cranial nerves and everywhere else

What is the system of membranes in the brain?

Meninges, 3 layers

Dura matter- surrounds and supports large venous channels carrying blood from the brain toward the heart

Arachnoid matter

Pia matter

What are the major divisions of the brain?

Cerebrum- largest division contains cerebral hemispheres

Cerebellum- second largest division

Brainstem

- medulla= closest to spinal cord

-Pons= connects medulla w/ cerebellum and higher brain centers

- midbrain= include relay stations for hearing, vision, and motor pathways

Diencephalon

- thalamus= central relay point for incoming nerve impulses

- hypothalamus= regulates homeostasis

What is involved in the reflexes that do not immediately involve the brain?

Spinal cord

-links brain to rest of the body

What composes the PNS?

All the nerves stretching their pathways among the CNS and receptors, muscles, and glands of the body

What is the PNS divided into?

Afferent

Efferent

What is the Efferent PNS divided into?

Somatic- nerves controlling muscular system and external sensory, receptors and effectors

Autonomic- involuntary

What can the Autonomic NS of the PNS divide into?

Sympathetic- fight or flight- arise in spinal cord and relays to ganglion

Parasympathetic- rest and digest

Ganglia fibers associated with the head and neck may be either?

Preganglionic neurons- before relaying to ganglion

Postganglionic neurons- after relaying to ganglion

What are the 12 cranial nerves

1. Olfactory- S

2. Optic- S

3. Oculomotor- M

4. Trochlear- M

5. Trigeminal- B

6. Abducens-M

7. Facial- B

8. Vestibulocochlear- S

9. Glossopharyngeal- B

10. Vagus- B

11. Accessory- M

12. Hypoglossal- M

Only Overgrown Orangutans Try To Aggravate Fat Vagrants Getting Vodka And Hamburgers

Nerve name acronym

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter More

Nerve s/m acronym

The vascular system/ circulatory system of the head and neck consist of?

Arterial blood supply

Capillary network

venous drainage

What is a large network of blood vessels called?

Vascular plexus

What is the way blood vessels communicate with each other within the system?

Anastomosis

What are the connection channels among the vessels

Anastomose

-where vessels meet

What are the different types of Anastomoses?

Veno-venous anastomosis= between veins

Arterio-venous anastomosis= between artery and vein

What is an artery?

the component of the vascular system where BV arise from the heart and carry oxygenated blood away from it to the tissues

What is an arteriole?

smaller branch of an artery

What is a capillary?

smaller branch of an arteriole that supplies blood to larger tissue areas b/c there are so many of them

-smallest branch of blood vessels

What is a vein?

blood vessel that carries deoxygenated (poorly oxygenated) blood to the heart

What is blood filled spaces between 2 layers of tissue called?

Venous sinuses

-called meninges for the brain

The system of membranes of the CNS is the meninges which has 3 layers; what are their names?

Dura matter

Arachnoid matter

Pia matter

What are the major arteries of the head and neck?

Comon carotid

Subclavian

The left and right-side arteries arise from?

Aorta (largest artery of the body)

What artery is considered branchless?

Common carotid

- splits into internal and external carotid arteries

Where is the common carotid artery located?

Alongside of neck- under SCM in carotid sheath

What is the carotid sheath?

Part of the deep cervical fasciae of the neck and surrounds the vascular components of the neck

Where do we take pulse from for CPR?

Carotid sinus

-swollen area just prior to bifurcation into the internal and external CA

What artery arises laterally to the common carotid of the R and L?

Subclavian artery

What does the subclavian artery supply?

Intracranial and extracranial structures, but mainly supplies L and R upper arms

What is the normal BP?

HR?

What about for a child?

less than 120/80

80 to 100 BPM

60 to 140 BPM

Where does the Internal carotid artery supply?

intracranial structures such as ophthalmic artery

-eye, orbit, lacrimal gland

What does the external carotid artery divide into and where? (towards the end)

Divides into superficial temporal and maxillary arteries within the space behind the neck in the mandible

What are the set of branches of the external carotid artery that are grouped according to location?

Anterior

Medial

Posterior

Terminal

What are the 3 anterior branches from the ECA?

Superior thyroid artery

lingual artery

facial artery (external maxillary artery)

What are the branches of the superior thyroid artery?

what do they supply?

-infrahyoid a, SCM branch, superior laryngeal a, cricothyroid branch

- tissues inferior to the hyoid bone: infrahyoid muscles, SCM, larynx muscles, thyroid gland

What is interesting about the lingual artery?

where does it supply?

- enters at base of tongue and end at the tip

- does not accompany the corresponding nerve

- sublingual branch

-tissues superior to hyoid bone: suprahyoid muscles, floor of mouth, tongue

What does the sublingual branch of the lingual artery supply?

mylohyoid muscle, sublingual salivary gland, mucous membrane of floor of mouth

Which anterior external carotid artery has a complicated path?

Facial artery

Where does the facial artery run?

medial to mandible--> over subman salivary gland--> crosses border of mandible (feel notch just in front of angle of mandible)--> runs forward and up beside nose--> ends near canthus of the eye

What does the facial artery supply?

buccal

zygomatic

nasal

infraorbital

orbital regions

What are the major branches of the facial artery?

What do they supply?

ascending palatine- soft palate, palatine m, palatine t

submental- submand lymph n, subman salivary g, mylohyoid and digastric m

inferior labial- lower lip tissues including facial exp muscles

superior labial-upper lip tissues including facial exp muscles

angular artery- end of facial artery- tissues alongside of nose

What is the medial branch of the ECA?

what does it supply?

What is a special sub-branch?

Ascending pharyngeal- small with numerous branches

- they supply pharyngeal walls, soft p, and meninges

- tonsillar branch- source of serious blood loss during tonsillectomy

What are the posterior branches of the ECA?

Occipital artery

Posterior auricular

What does the occipital artery of the posterior ECA supply?

suprahyoid and SCM muscles, occipital scalp tissues, and meningeal tissues of occipital region

- passes through back of ramus and up posteriorly

What does the posterior auricular artery of the posterior ECA supply?

internal ear and the mastoid air cells in mastoid process

- arises about tip of styloid process, runs behind acoustic meatus

What are the terminal branches of the ECA?

superficial temporal

maxillary

What arteries are within the parotid salivary gland?

superficial temporal- starts within gland

maxillary - starts at neck of condyle and in gland

What are the branches of the superficial temporal artery of the terminal ECA?

What do they supply?

transverse facial artery- parotid duct and nearby tissue- runs along zyg arch

middle temporal artery- temporalis muscle

parietal branch and frontal branch - part of scalp regions of frontal and parietal regions

What is giant cell arteritis (GCA)?

or temporal arteritis- inflammation of lining of arteries

- usually affects arteries of head, temples

- causes headaches, jaw pain, blurred or double vision- tender

Who is most likely to suffer from GCA?

older induvial- above 50- avg 70

women 2x likely than men

What is polymyalgia rheymatica?

arthritic condition that causes stiffness and aching in neck, shoulders and hips

- has increase 10-15 %

What is the maxillary artery?

What are the parts?

larger terminal branch with 3 parts- also called internal maxillary a

part 1- mandibular

part 2- pterygoid

part 3- pterygopalatine

What are the maxillary branches of the terminal ECA?

deep auricular

anterior tympanic

middle meningeal

inferior alveolar

accessory meningeal artery

What does the middle meningeal artery of the maxillary branch of the terminal ECA supply?

meninges of brain by way of foramen spinosum located in sphenoid bone

What does the inferior alveolar artery of the mandibular part of the maxillary artery of the terminal ECA supply?

dental branches-pulp of the mandibular posterior teeth byway of each tooth's apical foramen

alveolar branches- buccal perio and gingiva of mand post teeth

Where does the mylohyoid arise from?

inferior alveolar artery- stars before IAA goes into mandibular canal

- supplies floor of mouth and mylohyoid muscle

What does the inferior alveolar artery branch into?

Mental artery- exits by mental foramen, supplies chin tissue, joins inferior labial a

incisive artery

- Dental branch of incisive- supply pulp of mand ant by apical foramen

- alveolar branch- supply perio of mand ant teeth, including gingiva, and anastomose with alveolar branches of the incisive artery on other side

What are the branches of the Pterygoid part of the MA of the terminal ECA? Where do they supply?

Deep temporal- temporalis muscle

pterygoid- lateral and medial pterygoid muscle

masseteric- masseter muscle

buccal- buccinator muscle and cheek tissue

What does the pterygopalatine part of the maxillary artery of the of the terminal branch of the ECA include?

What do they supply?

Posterior superior alveolar artery

-dental branch- pulp max post teeth

-alveolar branch- buccal perio and gingiva of max post teeth including sinuses

infraorbital artery

-anterior superior

- dental branch- max ant teeth

-alveolar branch- perio of max ant teeth and gingiva

descending palatine artery

- greater p a- enters p via greater supply hard p

- lesser p a- lesser p foramen (lingual to max 3rd molars) soft p

sphenopalatine artery- end of max artery- supplies nasal cavity

What is atherosclerosis?

Disease caused by narrowing or blockage of the arteries because of plaque buildup inside the arteries

What is made up of mainly cholesterol, and some calcium, and fat?

Plaque

- buildup can lead to heart attacks, strokes, or death (cardiovascular disease)

Thrombus vs Embolus

T- blood clot on inner vessel wall

E- clot breaks loose and travels, can carry bacteria and cause bacteremia

Where does the facial vein drain?

Internal jugular vein

-begins at medial corner of eye, joins with supratrochlear and supraorbital vein from frontal region

What vein drains the orbit and anastomoses with supraorbital?

Ophthalmic vein

What veins anastomose with the cavernous sinus?

Facial

Supraorbital

Ophthalmic- supratrochlear

What are the several branches of the facial vein?

superior labial- drains upper lip

inferior labial- lower lip

submental- drains tissue of chin and subman region

What are the lingual vein branches?

Dorsal lingual- dorsal of tongue

Deeper lingual- ventral of tongue, very visible

Sublingual- floor of mouth

- rapid and direct topical absorption

What forms the retromandibular vein?

merging superficial temporal and maxillary vein

- emerges from parotid salivary gland and divides into 2 parts

- anterior division: joins facial vein

- posterior division: continues on surface of SCM

What vein begins in the infratemporal fossa by collecting blood from the pterygoid plexus? Where does it receive?

Maxillary vein

- middle meningeal, post superior alveolar, inferior alveolar and other veins from the palate and nasal cavity

What is the pterygoid plexus?

numerous, small anastomosing veins that surround the pterygoid muscles and pterygoid part of the maxillary artery

- protects max artery from compression during mastication

- drains veins from deep portions of face

What are potential complications with the pterygoid plexus?

accidental piercing of needle because of proximity to max tuberosity

- infection spread through needle tract

Facial veins have no valves, so retrograde blood flow cannot be prevented; t or f?

True

Posterior superior alveolar vein

dental branches- drain the pulp of the maxillary teeth by way of apical foramen

alveolar branches- drain the perio and gingiva of max teeth

Inferior alveolar vein

forms from the merging of its dental branches, alveolar branches, and mental branches

- drains into pterygoid plexus

Paired venous sinus most important to dental care

Cavernous sinus

-only anatomic location where an artery travels completely through a venous structure

Internal jugular vein

- drains most tissues of head and neck. does not have a one way valve

- runs alongside common carotid artery

- empties into subclavian vein

- posterior division of retromandibular vein becomes external jugular vein

External jugular vein

- drains small part of extracranial tissue

-ONLY one to have a one way valve

Desanguination- massive level

Hemorrhage

Hemorrhage with complete loss of blood

Exsanguination

Initial swelling of an extra oral hematoma near upper cheek

Vascular lesions

swelling more than 10mm in diameter. Result from incorrect administration of R post, superior alveolar block rom over insertion of needle

Ecchymosis

Tissue fluid that is not within blood vessels are called?

Extravascular fluid

Tissue fluid within the blood vessels are called?

Intravascular fluid

Tissue that drains from surrounding regions into lymphatic vessels are known as?

Lymph

What tissue fluid is colorless and contains WBC that helps rid the body of toxins, waste, and other unwanted material?

Lymph

The system of epithelial-lines channels that mainly parallel the venous blood vessels are?

-acts as highway for WBC to and from nodes

- one way flow of lymph with valves

Lymphatic vessels

What empties into the venous system in the chest area?

Lymph ducts

What are the main functions of the lymphatic system?

-Filter infection locally, then send filtered lymph regionally, then dump into vascular system

-Drain excess extracellular fluid keeping the body fluids in balance

What is the bean shaped bodies grouped in clusters along the connecting lymphatic vessels?

Lymph nodes