Exam 1 Microbiology Unit 1-3

Only the content I need memorized before exam 1

Sphere shape

Coccus (cocci)

Rod shape

bacillus (bacilli)

curved rod

Vibrio (vibrios)

short rod, oval-shaped

Coccobacillus (coccobacilli)

Spiral

spirillum (spirilla)

long, helical spiral

spirochete (spirochetes)

Rough measure of animal cells

10 µm

Rough measure of bacteria

1 µm

Most bacteria cell walls are composed of this sugar.

Peptidoglycan

Most archaea cell walls are composed of this:

Pseudopeptidoglycan

Unicellular eukaryotes

Protists (like algae and protozoa)

These structures aid the motility of protozoa

cilia (hair-like)

flagella (whip-like)

pseudopods (false feet)

the 3 ways in which light waves interact with materials

reflection, absorbed, transmitted

Reflection

occurs when wave lengths bounce off a material

Absorbance

when materials capture the energy of a light wave

transmission

occurs when a wave travels through a material

Refraction

When light waves change directions as they enter a new medium

Refractive index

The extent to which a material slows transmission speed relative to empty space

Image point

the point at which all light refracted through a lens meets

Early concepts of disease

Miasma theory and divine punishment/fate, supernatural forces

Early practices of disease prevention

quarantine, sewage systems

Father of Western Medicine

Dismissed the idea that disease was b/c supernatural forces

Hippocrates

Fermentation

Microbes converting sugars into alcohol, gases, organic acids

early production of alcohol, cheese, bread

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Father of Microbiology

First single-lens microscope

microbes named animalcules

Louis Pasteur

disproved spontaneous generation via swan0neck flask experiment

developed pasteurization and vaccines

Robert Kock

Kock’s postulates supported germ theory of disease

first to use oil immersion lens in microscopy

What are Kock’s postulates?

Carolus Linnaeus

taxonomist who established binomial nomenclature (Genus, specific epithet)

3 domains of life

archaea, bacteria, eukarya

What do all cells have in common?

1. Cell membrane

2. DNA-based genome

3. Ribosomes

4. Cytoplasm

Unique to eukaryotes*

• nucleus

• membrane-bound organelles

Protists

Unicellular eukaryotes ex: algae and protozoa

Describe how our ancestors improved food with the use of invisible microbes.

Fermented sugars for products like beer, wine, bread, and cheese with yeast and bacteria.

Fermentation would turn sugars into alcohol, gases, and organic acids.

Older generations took advantage of fermentation to enhance taste and preserve food for longer.

Describe how the causes of sickness and disease were explained in ancient times, prior to the invention of the microscope

• disease traveled through things we cannot see

• evidence of quarantine

• urban sanitation systems

• “mal’aria”

Thucydides

• 460-395 BC

• advocated for evidence-based analysis of cause-and-effect reasoning for disease

Describe how microorganisms are classified and distinguished as unique species.

• through taxonomy

• Linnaeus established binomial nomenclature, proposed 3 kingdoms: animal, plant, mineral

Compare historical and current systems of taxonomy used to classify microorganisms

• Early phylogenetic trees based the relatedness of species by their visible similarities

• Modern phylogenic analyses include genetic, biochemical, and embryological comparisons

Haeckel

proposed kingdom protista (unicellular organisms) and monera (unicellular organisms that lack a nuclei)

Whittaker

proposed fungi kingdom, empire prokaryota and eukaryota

List the various types of microorganisms and describe their defining characteristics.

bacteria, archaea, protists, viruses, fungi, plants, animals

Pathogens

disease causing bacteria

Give examples of different types of cellular and viral microorganisms and infectious agents.

pathogens, viruses, helminths, protists

Describe the similarities and differences between archaea and bacteria

Archaea are extremists, membranes made up of pseudopeptidoglycan

Bacterial membranes made up of peptidoglycan and are described by their general shapes. Can be photosynthetic or nonphotosynthetic.

Provide an overview of the field of microbiology.

cyanobacteria

photosynthetic

Protists

all protozoa, algae

eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants

Haekel

Proposed kingdom protista and monera

Whittaker

Proposed fungi, and empire eukaryota and prokaryota

Woese

Proposed three kingdoms of archaea, bacteria, and eukarya

Algae

mostly made up of protists that can be uni or multi cellular

waste products can be used by other organisms

used in lab

source of biofuel

Protozoa

protists that makeup the backbone of many food webs by providing nutrients to other organisms (basically food for everyone else)

can have cilia, flagella, or psuedopods

photosynthetic, or feed off organic material, OR are parasitic like Giardia lamblia

Fungi

nonphotosynthetic, cell walls made of chitin, uni and multi cellular

yeasts, molds

molds

a type of fungi

decomposition, cause allergies, mycotoxins, other in pharmaceuticals.

Helmniths

parasitic worms

guinea worm

Guinea worm

typically occurs when host drinks contaminated water containing water fleas infected by guinea-worm larvae. Grow internally as the worms works its way out of the skin via ulcers.

Viruses

ACELLULAR, consists of either proteins or genetic material (DNA OR RNA, not both)

need a host to live

Responsible for numerous diseases

wavelength

the distance between one peak of a wave and the next peak

frequency

the rate of vibration of the wave

What are the three main interactions of light and what do they do?

Absorbance - when a material captures the energy of a light wave

Reflection - when a wave bounces off of a material

Transmittance - when a wave travels through a material

interference

the rate of vibration of the wave

diffraction

the changing of direction (bending or spreading) that occurs when a light wave interacts with an opening or barrier

refraction

when light waves change direction as they enter a new medium

refractive index

The extent to which a material slows transmission speed relative to empty space

image point (focus)

a property of the lens and the distance of the object to the lens; the point at which an image is in focus (the image point is often called the focus)

Why is a convex lens used to magnify an object?

because it can focus at closer range than the human eye, producing a larger image

EMR

Electromagnetic Radiation

High energy

short wavelengths

Low energy

long wavelengths

highest frequency color

purple

lowest frequency color

red

Leeuwenhoek microscope

credited as being the first person to observe microbes, including bacteria, which he called “animalcules” with a single-lens microscope

Compare and contrast the features of simple and compound microscopes

simple - single lens

compound - two lenses

Galileo

used compound microscope (two lenses)

Hooke

was the first to observe the structures that we now know as cells

Lister

• modern light microscope

• advances led to improvements in magnification, contrast, and resolution

brightfield microscope

a compound light microscope with two lenses; it produces a dark image on a bright background

ocular lens

typically magnifies 10 times (10x)

objective lens

• on rotating nosepiece

• magnifies between 4x to 100x

total magnification

ocular magnification X objective magnification