biology corrections paper 2

blackspot fungus

low SO2 pollution

rate of transpiration, increased air flow

moved water vapour, increased rate of transpiration, causing plant to take up more water

low efficiency transfers of biomass

not all eaten/digested, energy used in movement/respiration, transferred to surroundings as heat

nitrifying bacteria

turn ammonia to nitrates

nitrogen fixing bacteria

convert N2 to NH4+

insulin

triggers glucose > glycogen

giberellins

initiate breakdown of starch, stimulate flower production, promotes flower formation

effect of adrenaline on liver

binds to receptors in the liver, triggers liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose, increasing concentration of glucose in the blood

reforestation

trees take water from soil, prevents erosion and reduces flooding, trees can be used for renewable resources, reduce greenhouse gases/global warming, provides medicine/food

animal conservation

increase number of endangered species, prevent extinction, controlled breeding programmes, reduction in poaching, maintaining habitats, improves biodiversity/genetic diversity, maintains food web, reintroduction to the wild

high levels of amino acids

excess amino acids broken down into urea in the liver, transported via blood to the kidney, enters nephron during ultrafiltration, not reabsorbed, so urine with high conc of urea forms in collecting duct

in the absence of oxygen plants respire

water bath

absorbs heat to allow constant temp

investigation to show light as limiting factor

light at the same distance, measure gas produced, repeat at different temps, control variables

gas movement alveolus > capillary

diffuse through cell membrane, down conc gradient

RBC passing one at a time through capillary

reduces distance over which diffusion occurs, blood flows slower, increasing gas exchange, maximising O2 taken in by RBCs

mammals biomass inefficiency

maintain constant body temp, more heat loss

FSH

stimulates oestrogen release

during pregnancy

progesterone: high to maintain uterine lining, inhibits FSH/LH, oestrogen: high to maintain uterine lining, inhibits FSH, low FSH: no follicle will mature, LH: no ovulation occurs

denitrifying bacteria

convert nitrate to atmospheric nitrogen

abiotic carbon

oceans store CO2, volcanoes release CO2, carbon rocks store carbonate, erosion releases CO2

RBC burst, haemoglobin in urine

haemoglobin inside RBC, RBC too big to pass into nephron, haemoglobin small enough to pass into the nephron, travel into collecting duct where urine is formed

low water content

hypothalamus detects, ADH released from pituitary gland, collecting duct becomes more permeable, more water reabsorbed into blood by osmosis, more concentrated urine

high water content

hypothalamus detects, ADH lowered/not released from pituitary gland, collecting duct less permeable, less water reabsorbed into blood, more dilute urine, large volume produced

stomata opening

guard cells take in water by osmosis

increased heart rate/pressure

delivers more oxygen and glucose to allow dore respiration

vasodilation

when body is too hot, makes blood vessels wider so more heat loss by radiation, allowing body to cool down

nitrates in plants

needed to make proteins

legumes in crop rotations

to increase nitrate/ammonia levels in the soil, nitrogen fixing bateria live in root nodules of the plants, produce nitrates from atmospheric nitrogen

adrenaline

increases blood rate/pressure, increased blood flow, release glucose from glycogen, to release energy from respiration