Topics of Physical Science unit 2

What is the charge and mass of a proton?

Proton is positive with a mass of 1.

What do isotopes of an element have in common?

They have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

What is the definition of atomic number?

The atomic number of an element matches the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

How do you calculate the number of neutrons in an isotope?

Total number of neutrons = mass number – atomic number.

What is an ionic bond?

An ionic bond is the electrical force of attraction between oppositely charged ions.

What type of elements typically form ionic bonds?

Ionic bonds form between metals and nonmetals.

What defines a covalent bond?

A covalent bond is the type of electrical attraction in which atoms are held together by shared electrons.

What determines the number of covalent bonds an atom can form?

The number of covalent bonds equals the number of unpaired valence electrons.

What is electronegativity?

Electronegativity is the ability of a bonded atom to pull on shared electrons.

What characterizes polar covalent bonds?

Electrons in polar covalent bonds are shared unevenly between atoms.

What are the two types of covalent bonds based on electron sharing?

Nonpolar covalent bonds share electrons evenly, while polar covalent bonds share them unevenly.

What are metallic bonds?

Metallic bonds occur when outer electrons in metal atoms are loosely held and can move freely.

What is an alloy?

An alloy is a mixture of metallic elements.

Which type of bonds account for metallic properties?

Metallic bonds account for many metallic properties due to the mobility of electrons.

Provide an example of a common alloy.

Brass is an example of an alloy made of copper and zinc.

Which particles have an electrical charge?

Proton, Electron, Ion, All the above.

What is electric charge?

A fundamental physical property of protons and electrons; like charges repel while opposite charges attract.

What happens to Fido's fur when electrons are scraped from it?

The charge of Fido's fur becomes positive.

What does Coulomb's Law state?

The electrical force between two point charges varies directly as the product of their charges and inversely as the square of their distance of separation.

What is the relationship between the force of an electron on a proton and the force of a proton on an electron?

It is equal; both forces exert the same magnitude.

If a proton is repelled by a force of 40 N at a certain distance, what would the force be if it is twice as distant?

10 N.

What does the electric field represent?

An energetic aura surrounding charged objects.

What is the conventional direction of an electric field?

It is the direction of force that the field would exert on a proton.

What is electric potential?

Electric potential energy per charge; also known as voltage.

When work is done on an electrically charged particle, what changes?

The potential energy of the particle changes.

What is electric potential a ratio of?

Energy to charge.

What does it mean when a battery is rated at 500 volts?

It refers to the electric potential difference provided by the battery.

What is electric current?

The flow of charged particles from higher potential to lower potential.

Which statement is correct regarding a circuit?

Charge flows in a circuit.

What are magnetic poles?

Regions that give rise to magnetic forces; like poles repel while opposite poles attract.

What happens when a weak magnet and a strong magnet repel each other?

The greater repelling force is by the stronger magnet.

How does moving charge relate to magnetic fields?

Moving charge produces a magnetic field.

What is an electromagnet?

A magnet whose field is produced by an electric current.

What do surrounding moving electric charges create?

Both electric fields and magnetic fields.

What do moving electric charged particles interact with?

Both electric fields and magnetic fields.

What is the principle behind an electric motor?

Magnetic force occurs between a magnetic field and a moving charge or charges.

If a magnet produces a force on a current-carrying wire, does the wire produce a force on the magnet?

Yes.

What is electromagnetic induction?

The production of voltage when a magnetic field changes with time.

What induces voltage in a wire loop?

A change in the magnetic field within that loop.

What does a generator rely on?

Electromagnetic induction.

What causes resistance when pushing a magnet into a coil of wire?

Repulsion by the magnetic field you produce.

How is light described in terms of electromagnetic waves?

It results from vibrating electric and magnetic fields regenerating each other.

What induces an electric field in space?

A magnetic field changes with time.

What induces a magnetic field in space?

An electric field changes with time.

What are the two main types of waves discussed in the lecture?

Transverse waves and longitudinal waves.

What is the definition of frequency?

Frequency is the number of vibrations per unit time.

How is wave speed calculated?

Wave speed is calculated as wavelength divided by period (or wavelength multiplied by frequency).

What is the speed of sound in dry air at 0 °C?

The speed of sound is 330 m/s in dry air at 0 °C.

What determines the volume of a sound wave?

Amplitude determines the volume of a sound wave.

What is the fundamental source of electromagnetic waves?

The fundamental source of electromagnetic waves is vibrating electrons.

Which travels faster, sound waves or radio waves?

Radio waves travel faster than sound waves because they are electromagnetic waves.

What effect does the Doppler Effect have on sound?

The Doppler Effect changes the frequency of a wave resulting from the motion of the source or observer.

What occurs during diffuse reflection?

Diffuse reflection occurs when the sizes of surface irregularities are large compared to the wavelength of reflected radiation.

How do objects appear their color?

The color of an object is the result of the frequencies of light it reflects; all other frequencies are absorbed.

What happens to light when it passes through transparent materials?

When light passes through transparent materials, it is transmitted and certain frequencies are allowed to pass.

When infrared radiation shines on glass, what do the atoms in the glass material do?

Atoms in the glass material resonate when infrared radiation shines on them.

Archimedes' Principle

A principle stating that a submerged object displaces a volume of liquid equal to its own volume.

Density

A measure of how much mass occupies a given volume; calculated as density = mass/volume.

Buoyant Force

The net upward force that a fluid exerts on an object, equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

Pressure

Defined as pressure = force/area; affects how fluids behave at varying depths.

Fluid Mechanics

The branch of physics that studies the behavior of fluids (liquids and gases) at rest and in motion.

Volume

The measure of how much space an object occupies, simple to calculate for geometric shapes.

Atmospheric Pressure

The force exerted by the weight of air above a surface, typically measured in kPa.

Displacement Rule

Part of Archimedes' Principle; pertains to the volume of liquid displaced by a submerged object.

Buoyancy

The ability of an object to float in a fluid, determined by the balance of the weight of the fluid displaced and the object's weight.

Fluid Flow

Occurs from regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure.

Mass vs. Volume Comparison

Comparing the mass of different substances (e.g., 1 kg of water, feathers, gold) to understand density.

Liquid Pressure

The pressure exerted by a liquid at a given depth, influenced by the liquid's weight density.

Buoyant force on submerged objects

The buoyant force experienced by submerged objects varies based on their density and volume.

Negatively Buoyant

Condition when the lift force is less than the weight of an object, causing it to descend in a fluid.

Neutrally Buoyant

Condition when the lift force is equal to the object's weight, allowing it to remain suspended in a fluid.

Positively Buoyant

Condition when the lift force is greater than the object's weight, causing it to rise in a fluid.

Entropy

A measure of disorder or randomness in a system, which tends to increase in the universe.

Kinetic Energy

The energy that an object possesses due to its motion.

Thermal Energy

The total energy (kinetic and potential) of the particles making up a substance.

Temperature

A measure of the average translational kinetic energy per particle in a substance.

Absolute Zero

The point at which a system's particles have lost all available kinetic energy, 0 Kelvin or -273ºC.

Heat

The flow of thermal energy due to a temperature difference.

Specific Heat Capacity

The quantity of heat required to change the temperature of 1 unit mass of a substance by 1 degree.

Phase Change

The transition of matter between solid, liquid, and gas states, involving energy transfer.

Latent Heat

The energy absorbed or released by a substance during a phase change without changing its temperature.

Conduction

The transfer of heat through direct contact between materials.

Convection

The transfer of heat through the bulk motion of fluids.

Radiation

The transfer of energy via electromagnetic waves, which can travel through empty space.

Wien’s Displacement Law

States that the peak frequency of radiation is proportional to the temperature of the emitting body.

Electric Charge

Fundamental physical property of protons and electrons; like charges repel while opposite charges attract.

Coulomb

Unit of electric charge.

Coulomb’s Law

States that the electrical force between two point charges varies directly as the product of their charges and inversely as the square of their distance of separation.

Electric Field

An energetic aura surrounding charged objects.

Electric Potential

Electric potential energy per charge; commonly referred to as voltage.

Potential Difference

The difference in electric potential between two points.

Electric Current

Flow of charged particles from higher potential to lower potential.

Electromagnet

A magnet whose field is produced by electric current.

Electromagnetic Induction

Production of voltage when a magnetic field changes with time.

Generator

Device that relies on electromagnetic induction to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Magnetic Force

The force that arises from magnetic poles; like poles repel while opposite poles attract.

Moving Electric Charges

Can interact with both electric fields and magnetic fields.

Electric Motor

Converts electric energy into mechanical energy using the magnetic force between a magnetic field and moving charges.

Induced Voltage

Voltage generated in a wire loop when the magnetic field within that loop changes.

Resistance

The opposition encountered when pushing a magnet into a coil of wire, involving various factors such as energy transfer.