Classification and Phylogeny; Fossil Records and Evidences; Readings on Dashler

What is phylogeny

Phylogeny is the genealogical relationships among organisms that shows the common ancestry and it cannot be directly observed.

What are the two way of classifying organisms?

Systematics and The Linnaean System

It is taxonomy and phylogenetic analysis

Systematics

It is also known as the binomial nomenclature or the hierarchical classification of taxonomic categories which highly supports evolution

Linnaean System

What is the difference between a character and a character state

A character is the specific feature of an organism and the character state is the specific condition or form of that character in a particular organism. An example eye color is the character and the color blue is it’s character state.

What is the difference between similarity and common ancestry

Similarity refers to a state of resembling one another in characteristic while common ancestry indicates that similarity is caused by shared inheritance from a common ancestor

What is the difference between plesiomorphy and apomorphy?

Plesiomorphy refers to ancestral character state and apomorphy refers to a derived character.

What is the difference between homology and homoplasy?

Homology referred to shared traits due to common ancestry while homoplasy describes similar traits that evolved independently and not due to common ancestor.

Who is the person behind the monophyletic group or commonly known as clade?

Willi Hennig

What is a clade?

Clade is a group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and all its descendants.

What is parsimony

Parsimony assumes that the least number of mutations or evolutionary changes

What are the three types of rocks

Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic

Where does igneous rocks came from?

from magma at mid-oceanic ridges

Where does sedimentary rocks came from?

from erosion or precipitation

Where does metamorphic rocks came from?

from one form of rock to another

Where can u find fossils?

Mostly in sedimentary, never in igneous, and unreliable in metamorphic.

Aside from rocks whereelse can u find fossils?

Amber and Permafrost

What is plate tectonics?

Plate tectonics resulted in the current location of the continents and it move a few centimeters every year.

What causes plate movement?

Mantle convection

How old is the earth?

4.6 byo

How old are genus homo?

1.8 myo

How old are homo sapiens?

200 tyo

What is radiometric dating?

Radiometric dating is used in igneous rocks and relies on the half-lives or radioactive chemicals

What is a strata?

Starta is the layers of rocks, typically sedimentary rocks that are formed one on top of another.

When is the paleozoic/cambrian era?

542 mya

when is teh mesozoic/triassic era?

251 mya

when is the tertiary/paleocene/paleogene era?

65 mya

when is quaternary/pleistocene/ice age era?

1.8 mya

What are the three types of heterochrony/evolutionary change?

Peramorphosis, paedomorphosis, and allometric growth

Differentiate peramorphosis from paedomorphosis

Peramorphosis results in adult or more complex phenotype while paedomorphosis results in juvenile or simple outcome

What is the difference between cladogenesis and anagenesis?

In Cladogenesis an existing species diverges into two different species while in anagenesis evolution takes place within a single lineage

what is the difference between convergent and parallel evolution

Convergent evolution is when unrelated species develop similar traits as they live in similar environment. Parallel evolution is when closely related species evolve similar traits independently.

What is mosaic evolution?

Mosaic evolution is when different parts of organism’s body evolve at different rate

Example of convergent evolution

Sharks and Dolphins both have fins which evolved independently

Example of Parallel evolution

Marsupial and Placental wolves evolved similar body shapes and came from a common mammal ancestor

Example of Adaptive Radiation

Cichlids in lake tanganyika, lake victoria, and lake malawi

What are the two notions that support fossil records?

Gradual change and saltation

Give one reason why fossil record may be incomplete or gaps?

Because of different preservation rates or organisms.

What is the missing link of whales?

Ankle bone

What is the precursor of whales and why

Artiodactyls are considered the evolutionary precursors of whales, as whales possess unique ankle bones, particularly the astragalus and cuboid, that are characteristic of artiodactyls.

What is the early hypothesis as whale’s precursor?

Mesonychia