organisation of the organism

**main features of animals**

* They are **multicellular**
* Their cells contain a **nucleus** with a **distinct membrane**
* Their cells **do not** have **cellulose cell walls**
* Their cells **do not** contain **chloroplasts** (so they **are unable** to carry out **photosynthesis**)
* They feed on organic substances made by other living things
* They often store carbohydrates as **glycogen**
* They usually have **nervous coordination**
* They are able to **move** from place to place

**The main features of plants:**

* They are **multicellular**
* Their cells contain a **nucleus** with a **distinct membrane**
* Their cells have **cell walls** made out of **cellulose**
* Their cells contain **chloroplasts** (so they can carry out **photosynthesis**)
* They feed by **photosynthesis**
* They store carbohydrates as **starch** or **sucrose**
* They **do not** have nervous coordination

**Cell Structures Found in Both Animal and Plant Cells**

Nucleus, Cytoplasm,Cell membrane, Ribosomes, Mitochondria

**Cell Structures Found Only in Plant Cells**

cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuole

Ciliated cells

MOVEMENT OF MUCUS IN THE TRACHEA AND BRONCHI

* HAIR -LIKE STRUCTURES CALLED CILIA WHICH BEAT TO MOVE MUCUS AND TRAPPED PARTICLES UP TO THE THROAT

NERVE CELL

CONDUCTION OF IMPULSES

* LONG SO THAT NERVES CAN RUN TO AND FROM DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BODY TO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
* THE CELL HAS EXTENSIONS AND BRANCHES, SO THAT IT CAN COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER NERVE CELLS.

RED BLOOD CELL

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TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN

* BICONCAVE DISC SHAPE INCREASES SURFACE AREA
* CONTAINS NO NUCLEUS TO INCREASE AMOUNT OF SPACE

SPERM CELL

REPRODUCTION

* THE HEAD CONTAINS THE GENETIC MATERIAL FOR FERTILISATION
* THE ACROSOME IN THE HEAD CONTAINS DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
* THE MID -PIECE IS PACKED WITH MITOCHONDRIA TO RELEASE ENERGY NEEDED TO SWIM AND FERTILISE THE EGG
* THE TAIL ENABLES THE SPERM TO SWIM

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Root hair cell

ABSORPTION OF WATER AND MINERAL IONS FROM SOIL

* ROOT HAIR INCREASES SURFACE AREA OF CELL TO ENSURE MAXIMUM ABSORPTION OFWATER AND MINERAL IONS
* WALLS ARE THIN TO ENSURE WATER MOVES THROUGH QUICKLY


* NO CHLOROPLASTS PRESENT

Xylem vessel

CONDUCTION OF WATER THROUGH THE PLANT; SUPPORT OF THE PLANT

* NO TOP AND BOTTOM WALLS BETWEEN XYLEM VESSELS, SO THERE IS A CONTINUOUS COLUMN OF WATER RUNNING THROUGH THEM


* CELLS ARE DEAD WITHOUT ORGANELLES OR CYTOPLASMTO ALLOW FREE PASSAGE OF WATER
* THEIR WALLS BECOME THICKENED WITH A SUBSTANCE CALLED LIGNIN WHICH MEANS THEY ARE ABLE TO HELP SUPPORT THE PLANT

PALISADE MESOPHYLL CELL

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

\-COLUMN SHAPED TO MAXIMISE ABSORPTION OF SUNLIGHT AND FIT AS MANY IN A LAYER UNDER THE UPPER EPIDERMIS OF THE LEAF AS POSSIBLE

\-CONTAINS MANY CHLOROPLASTS FOR MAXIMUM PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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CELLS

BASIC FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL UNITS IN A LIVING ORGANISM

TISSUES

GROUPS OF CELLS OF SIMILAR STRUCTURE WORKING TOGETHER TO PERFORM THE SAME FUNCTION

ORGANS

MADE FROM DIFFERENT TISSUES WORKING TOGETHER TO PERFORM SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS

ORGAN SYSTEMS

GROUPS OF ORGANS WITH RELATED FUNCTIONS, WORKING TOGETHER TO PERFORM BODY FUNCTIONS

Magnification formula

**Magnification = Image size ÷ Actual size**

(IAM)