CPH Lec Week 16

Natural Hazards

Threats of a naturally occurring phenomenon that will have a negative effect on people or the environment

Human Induced

A result from human actions or technological failures

Complex Emergencies

Slow to take effect and can extend over a long period and display:

• Displacement of population

• Widespread damage to societies and economies

• Need for large-scale, multifaceted humanitarian assistance

• Hindrance or prevention of humanitarian assistance by political or military constraints

• Extensive violence and loss of life

Disaster Epidemiology

Assesses the short- and long-term adverse health effects of disasters to help guide emergency response and recovery efforts and predict consequences of future disasters

Disaster Epidemiology

It provides situational awareness; that is, information that helps us understand what the needs are, plan the response, and gather appropriate resources

Descriptive Epidemiology

• Type of epidemiology that identify the distribution of disease or injury among population groups affected by the disaster

• Includes identifying the health-related issues that occur among people who are responding to the event

Analytic Epidemiology

• Type of epidemiology that provides information about differences between people who were injured or become ill during an event and those who did not

• It also gives information about the risk and protective factors related to disaster event

Evaluative Epidemiology

Type of epidemiology that determines the effectiveness of specific interventions that have been implemented and identify the factors that have resulted in their success or failure

causes of disease and injury and associated risk factors

Important to identify the ___ and ___

Forensic Epidemiology

Brings together public health and a legal investigative approach to examining disaster or emergency

Forensic Epidemiology

Important in cases of suspected bioterrorism and other intentionally created events.

Disaster Surveillance

As with other epidemiologic practice, surveillance plays a critical role in epidemiological investigations during and after a disaster

Syndromic Surveillance

Uses indicators of population and individual health that may appear before widespread disease while monitoring specific diseases

Electronic Health Records (EHR)

Syndromic Surveillance is based on existing data systems, particularly in ___

Mortality Surveillance

Type of disaster surveillance that studies death in a population

gravity of a disaster

Mortality Surveillance is an important indicator of the ___

Morbidity Surveillance

Type of disaster surveillance that detects potential disease outbreaks and track disease and injury trends

public health

If disasters come, ___ is hugely affected

Increased Morbidity and Mortality Rates

PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACT OF DISASTER

• ___

• Presence of Environmental Hazards

• Disruption of Public Health Infrastructure

• Vector-Borne Diseases

Presence of Environmental Hazards

PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACT OF DISASTER

• Increased Morbidity and Mortality Rates

• ___

• Disruption of Public Health Infrastructure

• Vector-Borne Diseases

Disruption of Public Health Infrastructure

PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACT OF DISASTER

• Increased Morbidity and Mortality Rates

• Presence of Environmental Hazards

• ___

• Vector-Borne Diseases

Vector-Borne Diseases

PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACT OF DISASTER

• Increased Morbidity and Mortality Rates

• Presence of Environmental Hazards

• Disruption of Public Health Infrastructure

• ___

Before Disaster

Increased Morbidity and Mortality Rates

• Mortality: deaths are related to preparing for disaster such as motor vehicle accidents and stressed-induced heart attacks

• Morbidity: Preparation related injuries such as falling from a ladder while boarding up windows

During Disaster

Increased Morbidity and Mortality Rates

• Mortality: Deaths from the direct forces of disaster, stress/ strain the disaster causes, or lack of emergency services

• Morbidity: Injuries from the direct forces of disaster or behaviors during the disaster such as impalement, cuts, and broken bones

After Disaster

Increased Morbidity and Mortality Rates

• Mortality: Deaths connected to the aftermath of the disaster impact or from natural causes that are worsened because of unsafe or stressful environment

• Morbidity: Potential infectious diseases, intensified chronic diseases, or injuries, illnesses, or infections from unsafe environment.

Chemical

Presence of Environmental Hazards like Fuel spills, hazardous materials management disrupted

Biological

Presence of Environmental Hazards like Sewage in flood water, undisposed waste

Airborne

Presence of Environmental Hazards like Particulate matter, smoke, carbon monoxide

Debris

Presence of Environmental Hazards like Household debris industrial or synthetic materials, vegetation, geological debris

Damage to health care system

Disruption of Public Health Infrastructure like Compromised facilities and Compromised supporting infrastructure (water, sewage)

Surge in medical needs

Disruption of Public Health Infrastructure like Overloading of system with trauma patients and Worsened chronic conditions

Access reduction to basic needs

Disruption of Public Health Infrastructure like Reduced staffing and Supply limitations (medications, vaccinations)

Potential increase in vectors

Vector-Borne Diseases include

• Rodents displaced and searching for a new shelter

• Increased standing water after floods can be breeding grounds for mosquitoes

• Damage to homes may lead to increased risk exposure

Vector-Borne Diseases include

Damage to homes may lead to increased risk exposure

Vector-Borne Diseases include

• Loss of power leading to open window/doors

• May have damage to door and window screens

surveillance

Vector-Borne Diseases: Epidemiology capacity may be hampered, limiting ability for ___

Conduct Disaster Surveillance

To lessen the effects of disaster, steps in disaster epidemiology should be followed:

• ___

• Rapid Needs Assessment

• Thorough Research

Rapid Needs Assessment

To lessen the effects of disaster, steps in disaster epidemiology should be followed:

• Conduct Disaster Surveillance

• ___

• Thorough Research

Thorough Research

To lessen the effects of disaster, steps in disaster epidemiology should be followed:

• Conduct Disaster Surveillance

• Rapid Needs Assessment

• ___

before

In analyzing the data from the surveillance, researchers must consider the following

• Creating a Database

  • What will it look like

  • Consider database development ___ a disaster occurs as part of the local disaster readiness plan

Who

In analyzing the data from the surveillance, researchers must consider the following

• Entering data into a database

  • ___ will enter the data collected on the forms?

statistics ; denominator ; baseline

In analyzing the data from the surveillance, researchers must consider the following

• Analyzing data

  • What ___ can be provided by the forms?

  • What ___ will you use?

  • Do you have a ___ data?

In analyzing the data from the surveillance, researchers must consider the following

• Analyzing data

  • What ___ can be provided by the forms?

  • What ___ will you use?

  • Do you have a ___ data?

often ; report ; monitor

In analyzing the data from the surveillance, researchers must consider the following

• Reporting Data

  • Who will you report to?

  • How ___ will you report? Will you ___ or just ___ the data?

disaster-related exposures and mortality or morbidity

Epidemiologic studies, such as case-control studies and cohort studies to identify associations between ___ and ___

Evaluation studies

___ that evaluate specific programs or response technique to yield decisions and assesses the success of a program or response

Disaster Epidemiologist

___ work in different phases of disaster preparedness, prevention, and response

Preparedness

The following are the roles of the disaster epidemiologist:

• ___

  • Conducts hazard mapping and vulnerability analysis

  • Education community

  • Prepare guidelines for response

The following are the roles of the disaster epidemiologist:

• ___

  • Support immediate response efforts, employ scientific data

  • Employ scientific data collection and analysis methods

  • Make suggestions based on data to aid in response

Recovery

The following are the roles of the disaster epidemiologist:

• ___

  • Continue necessary surveillance and/or monitoring activities

  • Conduct investigations and/or research on causes or increases of disaster-related morbidity and mortality

  • Evaluate intervention

  • Develop follow-up studies to help identify prevention strategies for future

Mitigation

The following are the roles of the disaster epidemiologist:

• ___

  • Continue follow-up studies and research

  • Provide evidence-based data to policy-makers to help create new guidelines for the community