Deep Sea Test

SCUBA - Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus

method of swimming underwater with an air tank, allowing humans to breathe underwater and stay down longer than free diving

ROV - Remotely Operated Vehicle

underwater robots that are operated by people on a boat

AUV - Autonomous Underwater Vehicle

Underwater robots that are not tethered to the surface

• can be programmed to follow specific instructions

• equipped with sonar

HOV - Human Occupied Vehicle

Vessel used to take humans to depths they cannot reach by any other means

• carry mechanical arms, sampling gear, camera, lights

ADS - Atmospheric Diving Suit

one-man diving suit that keeps the diver at the same pressure as surface pressure

• useful for situations that require a human perspective or skills to survey or repair underwater equipment deeper than SCUBA would allow

pressure

increases as depth increases

collapse lungs, store oxygen in muscles, high myoglobin concentration

adaptations that allow seals and sperm whales to dive deep in the ocean

myoglobin

oxygen-carrying proteins contained in the blood

swim bladder

used by fish to control bouyancy

• can be inflated/deflated to adjust bouyancy

• doesn’t collapse at depth b/c gas inside is at the same pressure as the water outside

symptoms of bringing deep sea animals to the surface

• cell membranes burst & fluids leak out

• nerve functions fail

• swim bladder swells & often sticks out of mouth

absorbed in the ocean

red & violet wavelengths of light

reflected by the ocean

blue & green wavelengths of light

camouflage

the reason many sea animals are red

euphotic zone

• “good light”

• high sunlight & oxygen

• low pressure

• warmest temperature

• contains 90% of all life while making up only 1% of the ocean

disphotic zone

• “difficult light”

• not enough light for photosynthesis, low light

• low oxygen

• increased pressure

• cold temperature

• low diversity of life

aphotic zone

• “no light”

• little oxygen

• extreme pressure

• near freezing temperature

• low diversity of life

crust

top layer of the earth that is broken into pieces

liquid magma

tectonic plates move because the crust sits on ______ ______ outer core

convergent boundary

divergent boundary

transform boundary

convergent colliding boundary

plates move towards each other and form mountains

convergent subducting boundary

plates move towards and one goes under, forming a trench

divergent boundary

plates move away from each other and form a rift, which turns into an oceanic ridge when underwater

transform boundary

plates slide past each other and form fault lines

how mid-ocean ridges are formed

cracks made by the divergence of plates are filled by rising magma, creating ridges

seamounts

underwater mountains formed by volcanic activity, also referred to as guyots

Mariana Trench

deepest underwater trench in the world at 7 miles deep

hydrothermal vents

underwater features located at divergent rifts that release very hot water full of nutrients

reason water from hydrothermal vents does not boil

the extreme pressure of the ocean, as well as the low temperatures at that depth, increase the boiling point of water

chimney

forms from dissolved metals when the hot water of the vents and cold water of the ocean interact

chemosynthesis

the process of converting chemicals into sugars

chemoautotrophs

form the base of the food web near hydrothermal vents, gaining their energy from the released chemicals

enlarged and sensitive eyes

an adaptation that uses what little light is available to help animals see

upward pointing eyes

light & food are above the animals, so they use this adaptation to see

transparency

an adaptation used to camouflage

photophores on ventral side

an adaptation that allows animals to camouflage by blending in with the light above them

large teeth and stretchable jaws

an adaptation that allows deep sea animals to eat whatever food they come across

low metabolism

an adaptation used by deep sea animals due to the scarcity of food in their habitat

stretchable stomach

an adaptation used by deep sea animals that allows them to fit large amounts of food in their stomach

photophores

the structure that allows organisms to bioluminesce

two ways an organism can bioluminesce

bioluminescent bacteria or photophores

functions of bioluminescence

headlights, lures, mating, communication, evading predators