a finite quantity of energy that can be gained or lost by an atom
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What is the photoelectric effect?
when a photon falls on the surface of a metal, the entire photon's energy is transferred to the electron.
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Max Planck
proposed that an object that is hot loses energy in specific amounts or quanta
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Photoelectric effect
when a photon falls on the surface of a metal, the entire photon's energy is transferred to the electron
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Ground state
lowest energy of an atom and stable electrons
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Excited state
a higher potential energy than the ground state
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What is Planck's constant (a.k.a. H)?
6.626x10^-34Js
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What does the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle state?
it is impossible to determine simultaneously booth the position and velocity of an electron or any other particle
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How are electrons detected?
their interaction with photons
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________ and _______ have about the same energy.
Electrons; photons
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The Scrodinfer wave equation laid the ___________ for modern quantum theory. It applies to ___ _______.
foundation; all atoms
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How did Erwin Schrodinger help modern quantum theory?
he treated the electron as a wave and developed an equation to describe its wave like behavior
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Quantum Numbers
The address of an electron
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Principle quantum number
(n) how far from the nucleus the electron is
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Angular quantum number
(l) the shape of the orbital
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What shape does s stand for and what does it look like?
Sharp; sphere
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What shape does p stand for and what does it look like?
Principal; infinity sign
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What shape does d stand for and what does it look like?
Diffuse; 4 leaf clover
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What shape does f stand for and what does it look like?
Fundamental; fireworks
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How do you find the angular quantum number?
n-1 and then whatever that is between 0
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Magnetic quantum number
(m) Indicated the position of the orbital about the three axes in space (orientation)
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What is the orientation of the sharp orbital?
1 orientation
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What is the orientation of the principle orbital?
3 orientation
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What is the orientation of the diffuse orbital?
5 orientation
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What is the orientation of the fundamental orbital?
7 orientation
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Spin Quantum Number
(s) a clockwise and counterclockwise electron can fit into each sub-level +½ or -½
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Aufbau Principle
an electron occupies the lowest energy level that can receive it
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Orbital Diagram
[][][][]
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Longhand electron configuration
1s2s2p3s
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Hund’s Rule
Orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by one electron before any is occupied by a second electron and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals must have the same spin
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Equal charges _______ each other
repel
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No two electrons in the same atom can have the same __________ ____________
quantum numbers
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Octet Rule
Only 8 electrons may occupy the outermost main energy level
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An atom is _____ _______ when there are 8 electrons in the outermost main energy level
most stable
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Valence electrons
electrons on the outside at its highest energy level
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Core electrons
electrons on the inside at its lowest energy level
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