Chapter 4 Chem

Duality

when waves can exhibit particle-like properties while particles can exhibit wave-like properties

Electromagnetic Radiation

a form of energy that exhibits wave-like behavior as it travels through space

What is the number for the speed of light?

3.0x10⁸ m/sec

Wavelength(λ)

the distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs in a wave

Frequency(v)

the number of waves pass a given point in a specific amount of time (usually a second)

What is the equation for the energy of light?

E=h(v)

What is the equation for the speed of light?

C=λ(v)

What is the electromagnetic spectrum?

1.radio waves
2.microwaves
3.infrared waves
4. visible light
5. ultraviolet
6. x-rays
7.gamma rays

Photon

quantum (particle) of light

Quantum

a finite quantity of energy that can be gained or lost by an atom

What is the photoelectric effect?

when a photon falls on the surface of a metal, the entire photon's energy is transferred to the electron.

Max Planck

proposed that an object that is hot loses energy in specific amounts or quanta

Photoelectric effect

when a photon falls on the surface of a metal, the entire photon's energy is transferred to the electron

Ground state

lowest energy of an atom and stable electrons

Excited state

a higher potential energy than the ground state

What is Planck's constant (a.k.a. H)?

6.626x10^-34Js

What does the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle state?

it is impossible to determine simultaneously booth the position and velocity of an electron or any other particle

How are electrons detected?

their interaction with photons

________ and _______ have about the same energy.

Electrons; photons

The Scrodinfer wave equation laid the ___________ for modern quantum theory. It applies to ___ _______.

foundation; all atoms

How did Erwin Schrodinger help modern quantum theory?

he treated the electron as a wave and developed an equation to describe its wave like behavior

Quantum Numbers

The address of an electron

Principle quantum number

(n) how far from the nucleus the electron is

Angular quantum number

(l) the shape of the orbital

What shape does s stand for and what does it look like?

Sharp; sphere

What shape does p stand for and what does it look like?

Principal; infinity sign

What shape does d stand for and what does it look like?

Diffuse; 4 leaf clover

What shape does f stand for and what does it look like?

Fundamental; fireworks

How do you find the angular quantum number?

n-1 and then whatever that is between 0

Magnetic quantum number

(m) Indicated the position of the orbital about the three axes in space (orientation)

What is the orientation of the sharp orbital?

1 orientation

What is the orientation of the principle orbital?

3 orientation

What is the orientation of the diffuse orbital?

5 orientation

What is the orientation of the fundamental orbital?

7 orientation

Spin Quantum Number

(s) a clockwise and counterclockwise electron can fit into each sub-level +½ or -½

Aufbau Principle

an electron occupies the lowest energy level that can receive it

Orbital Diagram

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Longhand electron configuration

1s2s2p3s

Hund’s Rule

Orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by one electron before any is occupied by a second electron and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals must have the same spin

Equal charges _______ each other

repel

No two electrons in the same atom can have the same __________ ____________

quantum numbers

Octet Rule

Only 8 electrons may occupy the outermost main energy level

An atom is _____ _______ when there are 8 electrons in the outermost main energy level

most stable

Valence electrons

electrons on the outside at its highest energy level

Core electrons

electrons on the inside at its lowest energy level

What do valence electrons determine?

the properties of an atom and how it acts