Studied by 4 peopleDuality
when waves can exhibit particle-like properties while particles can exhibit wave-like properties
Electromagnetic Radiation
a form of energy that exhibits wave-like behavior as it travels through space
What is the number for the speed of light?
3.0x10⁸ m/sec
Wavelength(λ)
the distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs in a wave
Frequency(v)
the number of waves pass a given point in a specific amount of time (usually a second)
What is the equation for the energy of light?
E=h(v)
What is the equation for the speed of light?
C=λ(v)
What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
1.radio waves 2.microwaves 3.infrared waves 4. visible light 5. ultraviolet 6. x-rays 7.gamma rays
Photon
quantum (particle) of light
Quantum
a finite quantity of energy that can be gained or lost by an atom
What is the photoelectric effect?
when a photon falls on the surface of a metal, the entire photon's energy is transferred to the electron.
Max Planck
proposed that an object that is hot loses energy in specific amounts or quanta
Photoelectric effect
when a photon falls on the surface of a metal, the entire photon's energy is transferred to the electron
Ground state
lowest energy of an atom and stable electrons
Excited state
a higher potential energy than the ground state
What is Planck's constant (a.k.a. H)?
6.626x10^-34Js
What does the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle state?
it is impossible to determine simultaneously booth the position and velocity of an electron or any other particle
How are electrons detected?
their interaction with photons
________ and _______ have about the same energy.
Electrons; photons
The Scrodinfer wave equation laid the ___________ for modern quantum theory. It applies to ___ _______.
foundation; all atoms
How did Erwin Schrodinger help modern quantum theory?
he treated the electron as a wave and developed an equation to describe its wave like behavior
Quantum Numbers
The address of an electron
Principle quantum number
(n) how far from the nucleus the electron is
Angular quantum number
(l) the shape of the orbital
What shape does s stand for and what does it look like?
Sharp; sphere
What shape does p stand for and what does it look like?
Principal; infinity sign
What shape does d stand for and what does it look like?
Diffuse; 4 leaf clover
What shape does f stand for and what does it look like?
Fundamental; fireworks
How do you find the angular quantum number?
n-1 and then whatever that is between 0
Magnetic quantum number
(m) Indicated the position of the orbital about the three axes in space (orientation)
What is the orientation of the sharp orbital?
1 orientation
What is the orientation of the principle orbital?
3 orientation
What is the orientation of the diffuse orbital?
5 orientation
What is the orientation of the fundamental orbital?
7 orientation
Spin Quantum Number
(s) a clockwise and counterclockwise electron can fit into each sub-level +½ or -½
Aufbau Principle
an electron occupies the lowest energy level that can receive it
Orbital Diagram
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Longhand electron configuration
1s2s2p3s
Hund’s Rule
Orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by one electron before any is occupied by a second electron and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals must have the same spin
Equal charges _______ each other
repel
No two electrons in the same atom can have the same __________ ____________
quantum numbers
Octet Rule
Only 8 electrons may occupy the outermost main energy level
An atom is _____ _______ when there are 8 electrons in the outermost main energy level
most stable
Valence electrons
electrons on the outside at its highest energy level
Core electrons
electrons on the inside at its lowest energy level
What do valence electrons determine?
the properties of an atom and how it acts
Note
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