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Where does the Dark Ages come from
Poor historical record, Historical Bias
Poor Historical Records
Rome Falls 5th century
Ppl disperse through Western Europe
No recorded cultural advancements, “Dark”
Historical Bias
Renaissance thinkers revive interest in Greco-Roman philosophy
Considered themselves greater thinkers than Dark age thinkers,
Better than Augustine 1?? NO
Petrarch
1304-1374 AD
Coined phrase Dark Ages
Referred to intellects as “those men of intellectual prowess as
living cloaked in darkness.”
Viewpoint of Dark Ages
The standard narrative is the fall of Rome began an age of darkness that
only ended with the Renaissance in the 1400s – IT’S NOT TRUE! WHY? . .
3 problems with Dark Ages
relies on Renaissance and Enlightenment writers who promoted
certain ideas about the Middle Ages in order to present themselves in the
best light.
narrows it focuses to only a few areas of the old Roman empire (mainly, northern Europe)
it completely ignores Eastern civilizations that flourished in the same
time period.
Last Prophet?
Muhammad
Why do Muslims avoid pictorial images of Muhammad?
Muslims avoid graven images to prevent idol worship, inspired by the Ten Commandments in the Hebrew Bible. This practice also reflects their distinction between prophet and deity, as they regard Jesus as a revered prophet rather than God.
3 Muhammad events
Revelation
Night Journey
Hijra(migration)
The Revelation
Born in 570 in Mecca
On one of his pilgrimages in 610, he was
meditating in a cave when the Angel Gabriel appeared and
relayed the word of God to him
Founded the Qur’an
Starts preaching carrer but has modest career
Qur’an
is the “recitation” of God revealed to Muhammad by the angel Gabriel over 23
years.
Qur’an and Ahadith(story)
collection of the sayings and traditions of the Prophet Muhammad that is revered by Muslims as a major source of religious law and moral guidance, are the two texts that guide Islamic practices
Night Journey
Muhammad’s Night Journey (620ish) – a two-part miracle
second to the Qur’an – in a single night . .
Part 1 (Isra): the Angel Gabriel escorts Muhammad from
Mecca to Jerusalem where he meets with many famous
biblical prophets (including Abraham, Moses, and Jesus
among others) and leads them in prayer (primacy??).
Part 2 (Mir’aj): from Jerusalem, Muhammad is taken to heaven where he speaks with Allah (God) and receives instruction on how to pray
Turning point in carrer
Hijra(Migration)
622, a larger group of converts from Medina came to Mecca and took an oath to Muhammad to defend him
as their own kin
Muhammad immediately encouraged his Meccan followers to make their way to Medina in small groups.
• When city authorities learned that the Muslims had begun
an exodus, they plotted to have the prophet killed. Under this threat, Muhammad slipped away unnoticed with a chief disciple and made his way to Medina
he completion of this migration (hijra) marks the beginning of the Islamic religion and is the beginning of year 1 of the Islamic calendar
Islam
complete submission and obedience to Allah
5 pillars of Islam
Shahada, Salah, Zekat, Sawm, Haji
Shahada
There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God
Salah
Muslims pray facing Mecca five times a day: at dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and after dark.
Zekat
In accordance with Islamic law, Muslims donate a fixed portion of their income to community members in need.
Sawm
During the daylight hours of Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, all healthy adult Muslims are required to abstain from food and drink.
Haji
Every Muslim whose health and finances permit it must make at least one visit to the holy city of Mecca
Kaaba
a large cubical structure covered in black embroidered hangings, is at the center of the Haram Mosque in Mecca. Muslims believe that it is the altar/house Abraham built for God (Gen 12:8), and face in its direction when they pray.
Averroes
an Eastern scholar who is famous for his commentaries on Aristotle’s philosophies. teaches Western theologians that philosophy and theology should not be separate fields of studies
Charles Martel
Charles Martel was a Frankish military leader known for his victory at the Battle of Tours in 732, halting the Muslim advance into Western Europe.
Battle of Tours
Battle of Tours (732) was fought between Frankish leader Charles Martel and the Umayyad Caliphate, halting Muslim expansion into Europe and preserving Christian influence.
Muslim Contributions to Modern World
Human Rights
Math(Algebra)
Medicine
Philosophy
School of Athems
Famous fresco by Raphael depicting ancient Greek philosophers discussing philosophy. Located in the Vatican City's Apostolic Palace.
Reasons for moving capital to Constantinople
might have felt inferior to Roman nobility.(Constantine)
frustrated by Roman corruption and perhaps wanted a new beginning.
wanted to be closer to the eastern part of the empire to better watch and control it.
wanted to create a monument city in his own name: Constantinople
Better trade routes - The location provided control of the sea trade!
Constantine’s goal/problem
Goal: United Empire, Common Language(Latin), Culture(Roman), Religion(Christianity)
Problem: the eastern empire (the Byzantine Empire) was a GREEK culture, and as the Roman empire collapsed, the Byzantine empire grew)
Eastern Schism
The isolation of Constantinople will lead to the split between the east and the west
Cultural differences, Political, Religious
Cultural Differences of Eastern Schism
Difference in language, East(Greek), West(Latin)
Difference in TEMPERAMENT , East = more philosophical, theoretic, and theological . . . More GREEK
West = more legalistic and practical
Political Differences of Eastern Schism
Eastern emperors considered themselves to be emperor of the ENTIRE Roman empire
The Byzantine emperors increasingly attempted to dominate the Church in the west, and their attempts frustrated the popes
This Creates Caesaro-Papism vs Petrine Supremacy
Donation of Constantine
The Donation of Constantine is a forged document dating back to the 8th century, falsely attributed to Emperor Constantine the Great. It purportedly granted extensive lands and authority to Pope Sylvester I, bolstering the Papacy's temporal power. Lorenzo Valla's 15th-century analysis exposed the document's inconsistencies and anachronisms, leading to its debunking and undermining the Papacy's authority over secular rulers. This revelation marked a significant moment in historical criticism, highlighting the manipulation of historical narratives for political and religious gain.
Constantine gives the pope control of the imperial palace in Rome and all the regions of the Western Empire; this decree effectively conveys the notion that the pope has the right to appoint secular rulers in the West.
Photian Schism
The Photian Schism occurred in the 9th century and revolved around the appointment of Photius as Patriarch of Constantinople. Ignoring papal approval, Photius was consecrated, leading to a rift between the Eastern and Western churches. The schism deepened over theological disputes and jurisdictional conflicts, including the question of authority over Bulgaria. Although attempts at reconciliation were made, the schism persisted, contributing to the growing estrangement between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church.
Patriarch Ignatius
Patriarch of Constantinople
Gets kicked out by Michael III and is replaced by Patriarch Photius
Emperor Michael III
Michael III, the teenage Byzantine emperor is upset with Ignatius because Ignatius won’t give Michael’s uncle Holy Communion because the uncle has been “misbehaving” with his daughter-in-law.
Kicks out Patriarch Ignatius
Patriarch Photius
a gifted scholar who is a layperson (not a priest!!)
Pope Nicholas (from Rome) is not happy, wants Ignatius back, and condemns Photius.
Patriarch
Male head of a family or tribe, often holding authority over multiple generations. Commonly used in religious contexts to refer to a high-ranking bishop in the Orthodox Church.
Constantinople
Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantine Empire and later the Ottoman Empire. It is now known as Istanbul, located in modern-day Turkey.
Religious Differences of Great Schism
The Petrine Supremacy Debate WITHIN the church
The Filioque Controversy
Iconoclasm
The Petrine Supremacy Debate WITHIN the church
East POV: Bishop of Rome deserves respect but not authority, The capital moved, so should the church
West POV: Petrine Supremacy is in the office as given to Peter, Constantinople was not founded by an apostle as the other sees were
The Filioque Controversy
The whole debate stems from one line in the Nicene Creed: “I believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life, who proceeds from the Father and the Son (filioque). . .
East POV: adding the filioque clause disrupts the balance of the three persons in the Trinity and subordinates the role of the Spirit (makes the Spirit lower than God and Jesus),
East PROBLEM: The Council of Ephesus, however, made additions to the Creed without another council being called illegal. Adding filioque to the Creed violated the canons of the Council of Ephesus.
West POV: adding the filioque clause DOES NOT disrupts the balance of the three persons in the Trinity and DOES NOT subordinate the role of the Spirit. Filioque does not disrupt the balance of the three persons of the Trinity. It emphasizes how all three persons work together for the singular purpose of bringing people closer to God.
Most Christians in the East did not accept that the pope had authority over a council. Thus, they thought adding the term without the approval of a council was a horrible violation of Church authority.
Iconoclasm
the belief that religious images must be destroyed because they lead to idol worship (two waves: 726-787 & 814-843
East POV: Byzantine Iconoclasm was started by a ban on religious images started by the Byzantine Emperor Leo III (730). Some Eastern leaders blamed the military losses to the Muslims on idol worship. The Muslims did not produce art of God or Muhammad.
West POV: Venerate images
Filioque
Latin term meaning "and the Son." It refers to the Christian doctrine that the Holy Spirit proceeds from both the Father and the Son.
Iconoclast
East, breakers of icons
Iconodule
West, people who venerate religious images
John of Damascus (John Damascene)
He asserts that religious imagery focuses one’s prayer just like the Gospel stories focus one’s prayer! (brilliant – who would argue AGAINST the Gospels?!)
Council of Nicaea II (called in 787)
reverses the Council of Hieria’s position, This Council defines two types of honor/worship (Latria and Dulia)
Latria
worship given to God alone.
Dulia
veneration/honor given to holy persons and religious items
The Council of Hieria (754)
the first council called to deal with this issue of religious imagery – the council was called by Leo III’s son and succesor, Constantine (a different one! – caesar-papism anyone???)
The Council’s response: “If anyone shall endeavor to represent the forms of the Saints in lifeless pictures with material colors which are of no value (for this notion is vain and introduced by the devil), . . . let him be anathema (condemned and excommunicated)."
Pope Leo III
orders any Greek churches remaining in Southern Italy to change to Latin and the Roman rite of liturgy, which includes the use of filioque in the Creed, and the use of unleavened bread for Communion
Michael Cerularius
the Patriarch of Constantinople, retaliates and orders any Latin churches in Constantinople to follow the Greek rite.
Clovis
The founder of the Frankish Kingdom
While losing in a battle in 496, Clovis called upon his wife’s God and saw his defeat turned into victory
he was the first Germanic king to accept Christianity and be baptized (along with 3000 of his soldiers!)
He is traditionally regarded as the founder of the French monarchy and the original French champion of the Christian faith.
Pope Gregory (I) the Great
rumor had reached Pope Gregory the Great that the pagan inhabitants of Britain were ready to embrace Christianity in great numbers, if preachers could be found to instruct them.
Pope Gregory the Great asks Augustine (a different
one!) to leave his monastery in Rome and go to England to convert King Aethelbert
Augustine of Canterbury
Augustine and his companions lodging in Canterbury, its capital city, and Augustine starts his missionary work.
Augustine to build a now-famous monastery in Canterbury, he becomes the first Archbishop of Canterbury (the highest religious position in England today), and he is now known as the ”Apostle of England.”
King Aethelberht
Aethelberht is impressed by their works converts and is baptized.
Aethelberht allows Augustine to build a now-famous monastery in Canterbury
King of England
Wife was Christian
Aethelberht provided protection to the new Christian Church in England and made laws that protected Church property
The gifts of land and money that Aethelberht gives to the Church allows Augustine’s monastery to become a center of education in England. Aethelberht’s kingdom is looking very legitimate and cultured.
Benedict of Nursia
central figures in the tradition of Christian monasticism. This time – in the WEST!
Born of Roman nobility in northern Italy, Benedict studied in Rome until the year 500, when he left the city to live as a hermit in a cave.
He started building monasteries in Southern Italy, and before his death, Benedict wrote a “rule” governing the life of these communities
The rule of Saint Benedict became the dominant rule for monastic communities
Benedictine Rule
Benedict wanted to establish rules so that monks could seek God together in communities.
rule is meant to structure Benedictine life and guide monks to union with God.
Monks take vows of poverty, obedience to the abbot, chastity, and stability (they won’t leave the monastery);
Motto: “Ora et labora” (pray and work) – Benedictine life is centered on work and prayer.
Ora et Labora
Prayers and Work
Lectio Divina
divine reading”): prayerfully reading through short bits of the Bible for meditation and contemplation.
The Divine Office (aka the Liturgy of the Hours): monks gather 5 times a day (morning, midday, evening, night, and midnight) to pray through sections of the Psalms, readings from Scripture, petitions, and intercessions).
Labora
monasteries need to be self-sufficient, so monks had to work to support themselves. in the Middle Ages, this rule meant either farms or scriptoria – a room set apart where monks copied old texts
The Divine Office
(aka the Liturgy of the Hours): monks gather 5 times a day (morning, midday, evening, night, and midnight) to pray through sections of the Psalms, readings from Scripture, petitions, and intercessions).
Scriptoria
This is a room where monks were set apart to copy texts of the Bible by hand.
Bede the Venerable
was credited with impacting Catholic Christianity through scholarship. He is from England and wrote The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. He is sometimes referred to as “The Father of English History”. Because of people like him, monasteries became centers of education which shaped medieval education, theology, and culture.
Boniface of Mainz
was known as “The Apostle of Germany”. He brought the strength of Roman Catholicism and administrative tradition to the Carolingian kings. Boniface converted Germany to the Christian faith. He moved the monks’ work out of the monasteries and united preaching to the monastic vocation.
Benedict of Aniane
was known as “The Second Benedict”. He wanted to bring reform to monasteries that were not following the rule of St. Benedict. Through his reform, the monastic hierarchy was restructured. Abbots’ power was limited, and he created an abbot-general who supervised the monasteries in an area. He also reformed the divine office. He increased the amount of time that monks had to pray the divine office. His reform helped eliminate the corruption in the monasteries and make sure the monks were carrying out their vocations.
William of Aquitaine
Donated his land to establish a monastery at Cluny. Followed the rule of Benedict of Aniane at these monasteries. The abbots of Cluny became international leaders.
Robert of Molesme
Him and 20 other monks from Cluny left because they believed the monasteries strayed too far from the rule of St. Benedict. They established their own monastery in Citeaux, France, and they are now called Cistercian monks. They preferred everything simple, but wealth got to them, and they became corrupt like the other monasteries.
Cluny Abbey
This abbey was established by William of Aquitaine
Ecclesiastical History of the Church
Saint Bede the Venerable wrote this.
Cistercians
This was a group of monks led by Robert of Molesme.
Simony
This was the buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges. Simon Magus asked two disciples to buy the ability to perform miracles, so that is where the name comes from.
Charles Martel
Fought in Battle of Tours against the Muslims. Father of Pepin and Carloman and Grandfather of Carloman and Charlemagne.
Pepin the Short
Defeats Lombards and brings peace to Frankish kingdom. Pope Zachary annoints him as the first Carolingian King.
Charlemagne
Son of Pepin. Carloman and Charlemagne shared Frankish Kingdom when Pepin died. Carloman died and Charlemagne became the sole ruler of the Franks. Pope Leo III crowned him as the first Holy Roman Emperor.
Pope Leo III
He crowned Charlemagne as the first Holy Roman Emperor.
Alcuin of York
Charlemagne’s academic advisor. He created lowercase letters. He brought his English style of teaching to Frankish kingdoms.
Henri Pirenne
He stated that without Islam, Europe as we know it would not exist. This statement is called the Pirenne Thesis.
The Pirenne Thesis
Henri Pirenne stated that without Islam, Europe as we know it would not exist. Because Muslim conquest created a barrier between Eastern and Western Europe, The Carolingians were able to create a new form of government. They did not have any influence, and they basically “invented” Europe.
Carolingian dynasty
They created a new form of government for Western Europe
Carolingian Renaissance
One faith, one culture, one religion.
Gregory VII
He made reforms.
Emperor Henry IV
He deposed Gregory VII, and he appointed an antipope. He tried to sack Rome, but Gregory used the Normans to defend Rome, but they actually ended up sacking it themselves.
Gregorian Reforms
These are reforms that attempted to get control back to the papacy, restore celibacy, and eliminate corruption.
College of Cardinals
Pope Gregory VII created this to elect the pope, so corrupt secular leaders could not elect the pope.
In Nomine Domini
Secular leaders will not elect popes anymore, and only the college of cardinals will.
Dictatus Papae
“All princes shall kiss the feet of the pope alone!” “That it may permitted to him to depose emperors.”
Cardinal
