LECTURE Biol 223 - LECTURE TEST #1 PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Which of the following specialties might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot?

a. microscopic anatomy

b. muscle anatomy

c. regional anatomy

d. systemic anatomy

C

A scientist wants to study how the body uses foods and fluids during a marathon run. This scientist is most likely a(n) ________.

a. exercise physiologist

b. microscopic anatomist

c. regional physiologist

d. systemic anatomist

A

The smallest independently functioning unit of an organism is a(n) ________.

a. cell

b. molecule

c. organ

d. tissue

A

A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an ________.

a. organ

b. organelle

c. organism

d. organ system

A

The body system responsible for structural support and movement is the ________.

a. cardiovascular system

b. endocrine system

c. muscular system

d. skeletal system

D

Metabolism can be defined as the ________.

a. adjustment by an organism to external or internal changes

b. process whereby all unspecialized cells become specialized to perform distinct functions

c. process whereby new cells are formed to replace worn-out cells

d. sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

D

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ________.

a. is the result of catabolism

b. release energy in uncontrolled bursts

c. stores energy for use by body cells

d. All of the above

C

Cancer cells can be characterized as "generic" cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus cancer cells lack ________.

a. differentiation

b. reproduction

c. responsiveness

d. both reproduction and responsiveness

A

Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of ________.

a. food

b. nitrogen c. oxygen d. water

C

Which of the following statements about nutrients is true?

a. All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival.

b. Because the body cannot store any micronutrients, they need to be consumed nearly every day.

c. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are micronutrients.

d. Macronutrients are vitamins and minerals.

A

C.J. is stuck in her car during a bitterly cold blizzard. Her body responds to the cold by ________.

a. increasing the blood to her hands and feet b. becoming lethargic to conserve heat

c. breaking down stored energy

d. significantly increasing blood oxygen levels

C

After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting from the food. They relay this information to ________.

a. a control center

b. a set point

c. effectors

d. sensors

A

Stimulation of the heat-loss center causes ________.

a. blood vessels in the skin to constrict

b. breathing to become slow and shallow

c. sweat glands to increase their output

d. All of the above

C

Which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop?

a. blood pressure regulation

b. childbirth

c. regulation of fluid balance

d. temperature regulation

B

What is the position of the body when it is in the "normal anatomical position?"

a. The person is prone with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides.

b. The person is standing facing the observer, with upper limbs extended out at a ninety-degree angle from the torso and lower limbs in a wide stance with feet pointing laterally

c. The person is supine with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides.

d. None of the above

D

To make a banana split, you halve a banana into two

long, thin, right and left sides along the ________.

a. coronal plane

b. longitudinal plane

c. midsagittal plane

d. transverse plane

C

The lumbar region is ________.

a. inferior to the gluteal region

b. inferior to the umbilical region

c. superior to the cervical region

d. superior to the popliteal region

D

The heart is within the ________. a. cranial cavity

b. mediastinum

c. posterior (dorsal) cavity d. All of the above

B

Which of the following is not a type of tissue? a. muscle

b. nervous

c. embryonic d. epithelial

C

The process by which a less specialized cell matures into a more specialized cell is called ________.

a. differentiation b. maturation

c. modification d. specialization

A

Differentiated cells in a developing embryo derive from ________.

a. endothelium, mesothelium, and epithelium

b. ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

c. connective tissue, epithelial tissue, and muscle

tissue

d. epidermis, mesoderm, and endothelium

B

Which of the following lines the body cavities exposed to the external environment?

a. mesothelium b. lamina propria c. mesenteries

d. mucosa

D

In observing epithelial cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the basal side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue?

a. columnar b. stratified c. squamous d. transitional

A

Which of the following is the epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels?

a. columnar

b. pseudostratified c. simple squamous d. transitional

C

Which type of epithelial tissue specializes in moving particles across its surface and is found in airways and lining of the oviduct?

a. transitional

b. stratified columnar

c. pseudostratified ciliated columnar

d. stratified squamous

B

The ________ exocrine gland stores its secretion until the glandular cell ruptures, whereas the ________ gland releases its apical region and reforms.

a. holocrine; apocrine

b. eccrine; endocrine

c. apocrine; holocrine

d. eccrine; apocrine

A

Connective tissue is made of which three essential components?

a. cells, ground substance, and carbohydrate fibers b. cells, ground substance, and protein fibers

c. collagen, ground substance, and protein fibers d. matrix, ground substance, and fluid

B

Under the microscope, a tissue specimen shows cells located in spaces scattered in a transparent background. This is probably ________.

a. loose connective tissue b. a tendon

c. bone

d. hyaline cartilage

D

Which connective tissue specializes in storage of fat?

a. tendon

b. adipose tissue

c. reticular tissue

d. dense connective tissue

B

Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain?

a. areolar tissue

b. adipose tissue

c. dense regular connective tissue d. dense irregular connective tissue

C

In adults, new connective tissue cells originate from the ________.

a. mesoderm b. mesenchyme c. ectoderm

d. endoderm

B

In bone, the main cells are ________. a. fibroblasts

b. chondrocytes c. lymphocytes d. osteocytes

D

Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ________.

a. skeletal muscle only

b. cardiac muscle only

c. smooth muscle only

d. skeletal and cardiac muscles

A

The cells of muscles, myocytes, develop from ________.

a. myoblasts

b. endoderm

c. fibrocytes

d. chondrocytes

A

Skeletal muscle is composed of very hard working cells. Which organelles do you expect to find in abundance in skeletal muscle cell?

a. nuclei

b. striations

c. golgi bodies d. mitochondria

D

25. The cells responsible for the transmission of the nerve impulse are ________.

a. neurons

b. oligodendrocytes c. astrocytes

d. microglia

A

26. The nerve impulse travels down a(n) ________, away from the cell body.

a. dendrite

b. axon

c. microglia

d. collagen fiber

B

27. Which of the following central nervous system cells regulate ions, regulate the uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters, and contribute to the formation of the blood-brain barrier?

a. microglia

b. neuroglia

c. oligodendrocytes d. astrocytes

D

Which of the following processes is not a cardinal sign of inflammation?

a. redness b. heat

c. fever

d. swelling

C

When a mast cell reacts to an irritation, which of the following chemicals does it release?

a. collagen

b. histamine

c. hyaluronic acid d. meylin

B

Atrophy refers to ________. a. loss of elasticity

b. loss of mass

c. loss of rigidity

d. loss of permeability

B

Individuals can slow the rate of aging by modifying all of these lifestyle aspects except for ________.

a. diet

b. exercise

c. genetic factors d. stress

C

Which function of the skeletal system would be especially important if you were in a car accident?

a. storage of minerals

b. protection of internal organs

c. facilitation of movement

d. fat storage

B

Bone tissue can be described as ________.

a. dead calcified tissue

b. cartilage

c. the skeletal system

d. dense, hard connective tissue

D

Without red marrow, bones would not be able to ________.

a. store phosphate

b. store calcium

c. make blood cells

d. move like levers

C

Yellow marrow has been identified as ________.

a. an area of fat storage

b. a point of attachment for muscles

c. the hard portion of bone

d. the cause of kyphosis

A

Which of the following can be found in areas of movement?

a. hematopoiesis

b. cartilage

c. yellow marrow

d. red marrow

B

The skeletal system is made of ________.

a. muscles and tendons

b. bones and cartilage

c. vitreous humor

d. minerals and fat

B

Most of the bones of the arms and hands are long bones; however, the bones in the wrist are categorized as ________.

a. flat bones

b. short bones

c. sesamoid bones d. irregular bones

B

Sesamoid bones are found embedded in ________.

a. joints

b. muscles c. ligaments d. tendons

D

Bones that surround the spinal cord are classified as ________ bones.

a. irregular b. sesamoid c. flat

d. short

A

Which category of bone is among the most numerous in the skeleton?

a. long bone

b. sesamoid bone c. short bone

d. flat bone

A

Long bones enable body movement by acting as a ________.

a. counterweight b. resistive force c. lever

d. fulcrum

C

Which of the following occurs in the spongy bone of the epiphysis?

a. bone growth

b. bone remodeling c. hematopoiesis d. shock absorption

C

The diaphysis contains ________. a. the metaphysis

b. fat stores

c. spongy bone d. compact bone

B

The fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of the bone is the ________.

a. periosteum

b. epiphysis

c. endosteum

d. diaphysis

A

Which of the following are incapable of undergoing mitosis?

a. osteoblasts and osteoclasts

b. osteocytes and osteoclasts

c. osteoblasts and osteocytes

d. osteogenic cells and osteoclasts

C

Which cells do not originate from osteogenic cells?

a. osteoblasts

b. osteoclasts

c. osteocytes

d. osteoprogenitor cells

D

Which of the following are found in compact bone and cancellous bone?

a. Haversian systems

b. Haversian canals

c. lamellae

d. lacunae

C

Which of the following are only found in cancellous bone?

a. canaliculi

b. Volkmann's canals

c. trabeculae

d. calcium salts

C

The area of a bone where the nutrient foramen passes forms what kind of bone marking?

a. a hole

b. a facet

c. a canal

d. a fissure

A

Why is cartilage slow to heal?

a. because it eventually develops into bone

b. because it is semi-solid and flexible

c. because it does not have a blood supply

d. because endochondral ossification replaces all

cartilage with bone

C

Why are osteocytes spread out in bone tissue?

a. They develop from mesenchymal cells.

b. They are surrounded by osteoid.

c. They travel through the capillaries.

d. Formation of osteoid spreads out the osteoblasts

that formed the ossification centers.

D

In endochondral ossification, what happens to the chondrocytes?

a. They develop into osteocytes.

b. They die in the calcified matrix that surrounds

them and form the medullary cavity.

c. They grow and form the periosteum.

d. They group together to form the primary

ossification center.

B

Which of the following bones is (are) formed by intramembranous ossification?

a. the metatarsals

b. the femur

c. the ribs

d. the flat bones of the cranium

D

Bones grow in length due to activity in the ________.

a. epiphyseal plate b. perichondrium c. periosteum

d. medullary cavity

A

Bones grow in diameter due to bone formation ________.

a. in the medullary cavity b. beneath the periosteum c. in the epiphyseal plate d. within the metaphysis

B

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of zones in the epiphyseal plate?

a. proliferation, reserved, maturation, calcification b. maturation, proliferation, reserved, calcification c. calcification, maturation, proliferation, reserved d. calcification, reserved, proliferation, maturation

C

Calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine if ________ is lacking.

a. vitamin D

b. vitamin K

c. calcitonin

d. fluoride

A

Which one of the following foods is best for bone health?

a. carrots

b. liver

c. leafy green vegetables

d. oranges

C

Which of the following hormones are responsible for the adolescent growth spurt?

a. estrogen and testosterone

b. calcitonin and calcitriol

c. growth hormone and parathyroid hormone

d. thyroxine and progesterone

A

With respect to their direct effects on osseous tissue, which pair of hormones has actions that oppose each other?

a. estrogen and testosterone

b. calcitonin and calcitriol

c. estrogen and progesterone

d. calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

D

When calcium levels are too high or too low, which body system is primarily affected?

a. skeletal system b. endocrine system c. digestive system d. nervous system

D

All of the following play a role in calcium homeostasis except

a. thyroxine

b. calcitonin

c. parathyroid hormone d. vitamin D

A

Which of the following is most likely to be released when blood calcium levels are elevated?

a. thyroxine

b. calcitonin

c. parathyroid hormone d. vitamin D

B

The joint between adjacent vertebrae that includes an invertebral disc is classified as which type of joint?

a. diarthrosis

b. multiaxial

c. amphiarthrosis d. synarthrosis

C

Which of these joints is classified as a synarthrosis?

a. the pubic symphysis

b. the manubriosternal joint

c. an invertebral disc

d. the shoulder joint

B

Which of these joints is classified as a biaxial diarthrosis?

a. the metacarpophalangeal joint

b. the hip joint

c. the elbow joint

d. the pubic symphysis

A

Synovial joints ________.

a. may be functionally classified as a synarthrosis

b. are joints where the bones are connected to each

other by hyaline cartilage

c. may be functionally classified as a

amphiarthrosis

d. are joints where the bones articulate with each

other within a fluid-filled joint cavity

D

A cartilaginous joint ________.

a. has a joint cavity

b. is called a symphysis when the bones are united by fibrocartilage

c. anchors the teeth to the jaws

d. is formed by a wide sheet of fibrous connective

tissue

B

The epiphyseal plate of a growing long bone in a child is classified as a ________.

a. synchondrosis b. synostosis

c. symphysis

d. syndesmosis

A

Which type of joint provides the greatest range of motion?

a. ball-and-socket

b. hinge

c. condyloid

d. plane

A

Which type of joint allows for only uniaxial movement?

a. saddle joint

b. hinge joint

c. condyloid joint

d. ball-and-socket joint

B

Which of the following is a type of synovial joint?

a. a synostosis

b. a suture

c. a plane joint

d. a synchondrosis

C

A bursa ________.

a. surrounds a tendon at the point where the tendon

crosses a joint

b. secretes the lubricating fluid for a synovial joint

c. prevents friction between skin and bone, or a

muscle tendon and bone

d. is the strong band of connective tissue that holds

bones together at a synovial joint

C

At synovial joints, ________.

a. the articulating ends of the bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue

b. the ends of the bones are enclosed within a space called a subcutaneous bursa

c. intrinsic ligaments are located entirely inside of the articular capsule

d. the joint cavity is filled with a thick, lubricating fluid

D

At a synovial joint, the synovial membrane ________.

a. forms the fibrous connective walls of the joint cavity

b. is the layer of cartilage that covers the articulating surfaces of the bones

c. forms the intracapsular ligaments

d. secretes the lubricating synovial fluid

D

Condyloid joints ________.

a. are a type of ball-and-socket joint

b. include the radiocarpal joint

c. are a uniaxial diarthrosis joint

d. are found at the proximal radioulnar joint

B

The joints between the articular processes of adjacent vertebrae can contribute to which movement?

a. lateral flexion

b. circumduction c. dorsiflexion d. abduction

A

Which motion moves the bottom of the foot away from the midline of the body?

a. elevation

b. dorsiflexion c. eversion

d. plantar flexion

A

Movement of a body region in a circular movement at a condyloid joint is what type of motion?

a. rotation

b. elevation

c. abduction

d. circumduction

C

Supination is the motion that moves the ________.

a. hand from the palm backward position to the palm forward position

b. foot so that the bottom of the foot faces the midline of the body

c. hand from the palm forward position to the palm backward position

d. scapula in an upward direction

D

Movement at the shoulder joint that moves the upper limb laterally away from the body is called ________.

a. b. c. d.

elevation eversion abduction lateral rotation

A

Which statement is true concerning the knee joint?

a. The lateral meniscus is an intrinsic ligament located on the lateral side of the knee joint.

b. Hyperextension is resisted by the posterior cruciate ligament.

c. The anterior cruciate ligament supports the knee when it is flexed and weight bearing.

d. The medial meniscus is attached to the tibial collateral ligament.

D

The ankle joint ________.

a. is also called the subtalar joint

b. allows for gliding movements that produce

inversion/eversion of the foot c. is a uniaxial hinge joint

d. is supported by the tibial collateral ligament on the lateral side

C

Which region of the vertebral column has the greatest range of motion for rotation?

a. cervical b. thoracic c. lumbar d. sacral

B

Intramembranous ossification ________.

a. gives rise to the bones of the limbs

b. produces the bones of the top and sides of the

skull

c. produces the bones of the face and base of the

skull

d. involves the conversion of a hyaline cartilage model into bone

B

Synovial joints ________.

a. are derived from fontanelles

b. are produced by intramembranous ossification c. develop at an interzone site

d. are produced by endochondral ossification

C

Endochondral ossification is ________.

a. the process that replaces hyaline cartilage with

bone tissue

b. the process by which mesenchyme differentiates

directly into bone tissue

c. completed before birth

d. the process that gives rise to the joint interzone

and future joint cavity

A

5. The papillary layer of the dermis is most closely associated with which layer of the epidermis?

a. stratum spinosum

b. stratum corneum

c. stratum granulosum

d. stratum basale

D