Native American History final exam

Bering land bridge migration (U1)

the theory that the vast majority of original human inhabitants of North America arrived via a land bridge between eastern Asia and present-day Alaska that emerged during a decrease in sea levels.

Coastal Migration Theory (U1)

the theory that the vast majority of original human inhabitants of North America arrived from Asia and Oceania via coastal routes using boats to travel.

Clovis culture (U1)

a prehistoric Indigenous Peoples culture that first appears about 13,500 years ago; it is named for artifacts found near Clovis, New Mexico.

Archeology (U1)

the study of human history and prehistory through excavation and the analysis of artifacts and other physical objects from the past.

Anthropology (U1)

the study of the origin, development, and varieties of human beings and their societies

Atlatl (U1)

a type of spear-thrower that can launch a spear hundreds of yards

What are the Three Sisters in Mesoamerican agriculture? (U1)

Maize, beans, and squash

Why are maize, beans, and squash important in Mesoamerican agriculture? (U1)

The combination of these three plants provides a fairly balanced diet

Obsidian (U1)

a dark volcanic rock that can be sheared to produce extremely sharp tools.

Foraging (U1)

searching for wild food resources, such as plants, animals, and even waste products such as a carcass

Diffusion (U1)

the spreading of culture or innovations more widely

Kiva (U1)

a chamber, built entirely or partly underground, used by Pueblo Indigenous Peoples for religious rituals

Matrilineal (U1)

a social system in which individuals are considered to belong to the same descent group as their mothers; western societies typically have a patrilineal system, based on the father

Nepotism (U2)

practice by powerful people of favoring relatives, especially by giving them jobs

Calpulli (U2)

the Aztec unit of political organization somewhat like a neighborhood or ward

Altepetl (U2)

a political unit in Mesoamerica, sometimes translated as "city-state"

Astrology (U2)

the belief that the movements and positions of stars and planets influence human affairs

Stella (U2)

an upright stone slab or column often containing inscriptions

Polytheism (U2)

the belief in or worship of more than one god

Hieroglyphics (U2)

a system of writing mainly in pictorial characters

Mesoamerica (U2)

a cultural region extending from central Mexico into Central America

Iconography (U2)

visual images and symbols in works of art, often to represent something important

Chasquis (U2)

relay messengers in the Inca Empire

Tambo (U2)

rest station on the Inca road network

Kallanka (U2)

a very large hall used for community gatherings

Trade network (U3)

the exchange of goods and services between different groups of people over large distances

Artifact (U3)

an object from the past produced by human effort, especially tools, weapons, or ornaments

Smallpox (U3)

a deadly infectious disease caused by the virus Variola major

Pangaea (U3)

a supercontinent that included all the world's land masses hundreds of millions of years ago

Immunity (U3)

the ability of organisms to resist infection using antibodies or white blood cells

Cuzco (U3)

capital city of the Inca Empire and the center of the "Four Corners.

Sapa Inca (U3)

emperor of the Inca Empire

Hispaniola (U3)

an island in the West Indies, consisting of present-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic

Atahualpa (U3)

last independent Inca emperor who defeated his half-brother Huáscar in a civil war

Conquistador (U3)

a leader in the Spanish conquests of peoples of the American continents, especially the Aztecs and the Inca

Skraelings (U3)

a Viking term for Indigenous Peoples they encountered along the eastern coast of North America

Patroonship (U3)

a landholder in New Netherland who, under Dutch colonial rule, was granted property rights to a large tract of land in exchange for bringing 50 new settlers to the colony

Horse culture (U3)

a landholder in New Netherland who, under Dutch colonial rule, was granted property rights to a large tract of land in exchange for bringing 50 new settlers to the colony

Iroquis (U3)

a powerful Indigenous Peoples confederacy in northeastern North America

Lenape (U4)

an Indigenous People of the northeastern woodlands of Canada and the United States; also known as the Delaware people

Anishinaabeg Confederacy (U4)

long-standing alliance of the Ojibwe, Ottawa, and Potawatomi North American Indigenous Peoples tribes

Algonquian (U4)

belonging to, or relating to a family of North American Indigenous Peoples' languages formerly spoken from the Atlantic seaboard to the Great Lakes and the Great Plains

Metis (U4)

children of mixed Indigenous Peoples and French descent

Apache (U4)

the tribe of Indigenous Peoples historically living in eastern Arizona, northern Mexico, New Mexico, west Texas, and southern Colorado

Abenakis (U4)

Algonquian-speaking peoples of New England, Quebec, and Eastern Canada

Reductions (Spanish) (U4)

policy of forcibly relocating Indigenous Peoples into settlements modeled on towns and villages in Spain

Haudenosaunee (U4)

the name by which the Iroquois people refer to themselves

Jamestown (U4)

the first permanent English settlement in the Americas founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company of London

Puritans (U5)

Settlers who followed the teachings of John Calvin and other Protestant reformers, and insisted on "purifying" the Church of England

Treaty of Fort Pitt (U5)

first written treaty between the new United States of America and an American Indigenous Peoples group; in this case, the Lenape (Delaware) Indigenous Peoples

Pilgrims (U5)

Calvinists who believed their congregations needed to be separated from the Church of England

Pontiac (U5)

Ottawa leader who organized an Indigenous Peoples coalition in 1763 against the British

Treaty of Fort Stanwix (U5)

1768 treaty between British and Iroquois that gave away land in the Ohio Country

White Eyes (U5)

Delaware leader in the Ohio Country during the era of the American Revolution

Fort Orange (U5)

the first permanent Dutch settlement in New Netherland

Timucua (U5)

tribe located in Florida that suffered heavily as a result of colonial wars

Mi'kmaq (U5)

a major Acadian tribe in conflict with the English for years after the signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth

Stockbridge Mahicans (U5)

Indigenous Peoples ally of British, forming majority of the Indigenous Peoples component of Rogers' force

Teganissorens (U5)

Onondaga chief who was an outspoken advocate for peace during the war

Delaware (U5)

indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands of Canada and the United States subjugated by the Iroquois; also known as the Lenape people

Trail of Tears (U6)

forced removal of Indigenous Peoples from ancestral homelands in the Southwest to west of the Mississippi River in "Indian Territory;" thousands of people died on these forced marches

Osceola (U6)

major leader of the Seminole and opponent of Indigenous Peoples' removal

Indian Removal Act (U6)

law authorizing the president to force southern Indigenous Peoples tribes to be removed to territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their lands

Tecumseh (U6)

Shawnee warrior who lead a major rebellion against the United States

Prophetstown (U6)

Shawnee village that became the center of Indigenous Peoples' resistance in the Old Northwest

Fort Detroit (U6)

American city surrendered by General William Hull

Kiowa (U6)

an American Indigenous People of the southern plains, now living mainly in Oklahoma

Nez Perce (U6)

American Indigenous People of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington

Comanche (U6)

people of the southwestern US noted for fierce resistance to white settlement

Blackfoot (U6)

Indigenous Peoples confederacy located on the northern Great Plains

Shoshone (U6)

an American Indigenous People living chiefly in Wyoming, Idaho, and Nevada

Sacagawea (U6)

Shoshone woman who provided great assistance to Lewis and Clark on their expedition

Treaty of Fort Laramie (U7)

1868 treaty with the Sioux in which the U.S. recognized the Black Hills as part of the Great Sioux Reservation, set aside for exclusive use by the Sioux people; the treaty was violated almost immediately when gold was discovered in the region

allotment (U7)

a piece of land deeded by the government to an Indigenous Person, as part of the division of tribally held land

boarding school (U7)

a school where students live and take classes, staying away from home

Ghost Dance (U7)

a religious ceremony introduced by the Paiute in in the late 19th century in what is now present-day Nevada

self-determination (U7)

process in which a person, group, or country chooses own destiny

Sitting Bull (U7)

influential Sioux leader and medicine man

Wodziwob (U7)

a Northern Paiute prophet who performed the first Ghost Dance ceremony in 1869

assimilate (U7)

the process of taking in and fully understanding information, cultures, or ideas

Chief Joseph (U7)

Nez Perce chief who led his people in the 1870s in attempt to reach Canada rather than submit to forced relocation on a reservation

Paiutes (U7)

one of two culturally similar but regionally separated American Indigenous Peoples: the Southern Paiute in the southwestern US and the Northern Paiute of Oregon and Nevada

gaming (U8)

another term for gambling, encompassing forms of betting like those found in casinos or race tracks

Tribal Sovereignty

right of a tribe to exercise self-governance

child mortality

the rate per one thousand people that children under five years of age die

tribal council

governing body, usually elected, that manages affairs on an Indigenous Peoples reservation

AIM

a leading indigenous Peoples' rights group that emerged in the 1960s

rancheria

a small Indigenous Peoples settlement similar in purpose to a reservation.

relocation

federal policy with the goal of encouraging Indigenous Peoples to move to cities

General Leasing Act

a law that opened reservations to exploration by oil companies

repatriation

to return to one's own group or country; in the context of this lesson, to return Indigenous Peoples remains and cultural artifacts back to tribes and descendants

autonomy

the right of an organization, country, or region to be independent and govern itself

cultural pluralism

when smaller groups within a larger society keep their cultural identities; their values and practices are accepted by the wider culture if they do not conflict with the laws and values of the wider society