behaviour learning outcome 3

effects of adrenaline on behaviour

tenseness

increase in speed

more alert

flight or fight

released in stressful or high pressure

oestrogens affect on behaviour

release of eggs and also growth and matuirty of eggs

prepares lower reproductive tract for breeding

affects behaviour as it makes her more attractive and receptive to males

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progesterone affect on behaviour

enhances the effect of oestrogen

reproductive symptoms ?

testotrerones affect on behaviour

agression

sex drive

what are fixed action patterns

instinctive responses that are activated by a sign stimulus or releaser

example - red dot on the end of herring gull beak is a releaser - chicks see it and peck for food

fixed action pattern is geese

sight of something round or egg shaped (releaser) causes them to start rolling it toward nest

external influences of behaviour

seasons

temperature

weather

light

other or same species

food availability

change in social group

time

changes in environment

Darwins theory

the process of one species turning into another is called evolution

natural selection is survival of the fittest, they will go on to reproduced meaning a healthy and well adapted population

healthist and best suited to environment survive

what are ultimate causes

are those concerned with the fitness consequences of a trait or behaviour and wether it is or is not selected

thye address evolutionary function - the why questions

longer term causes - evolutionary drive be

more lions hunting together ensures more lions within the pride survive and pass on their genes

what are proximate causes

those concerned with mechanisms that underpin the trait or behaviour

the way in which functionality is achieved - the how question

short term causes - function, physiological that drives the behaviour

working together ensures that the lion uses less energy and can hunt larger prey

what is nature vs nurture

the degree to which an individuals physical and behavioural characteristics are terminated by its genetic inheritance (nature) or its environment (nurture)

nature (nature vs nurture)

provides an animal with instinctive behaviours

eg and animals is genetically predisposed to behave in a certain way

this behaviour is mainly fixed despite environment and parental influence

nurture (nature vs nurture)

environment will shape this in the form of learning

behaviour that is learnt either from parents siblings family or environment

instinctive / innate behaviour

an inborn pattern of behaviour, this is characteristic of a species and often in response to specific environmental stimuli

learned behaviour

behaviour that must be directly taught or learned from experience. it will not be learned when first exposed to the stimuli

what ways can behaviours be developed

trial and error

observational learning

cultural behaviour

parental and social teaching

trial and error behaviour

behaviours associated with the consequence they produce

reinforces behaviour as behaviours with good consequences are repeated, but not the ones with pleasant consequences

dangerous form of learning

observational learning

when animal watches actions of another aniaml and then learns and copies the behaviours

blue tits teaching eahcother how to open cream bottles

cultural behaviour

cultural learning through socially transmitted behaviours

cultural learning is a process and involves novel behaviour and other behaviours shared between groups of animals but not always the whole species

parent/social teaching

transfer of information from a a more experienced individual to a less experienced individual

most beneficial in stable environments in which other stimuli like food or predators are not likely to change rapidly

what is the name of the process where one species turns into another

evolution

what is natural selection

survival of the fittest

the healthier and best suited animals go one and survive and reproduce to produce stronger and fitter babies

the process by which random evolutionary changes are selected for in a consistent orderly and non random way

why do penguins huddle together

for warmth to survive cold conditions

why are fennec foxes nocturnal

to beat the hot conditions and to survive

why to white artic hares burrow in the snow

to camouflage from predators and survive