Bio Final Exam Review

Species

________ are a group of potentially interbreeding (in a natural setting) organisms.

Evolution

________ is a natural process and traits will be passed down without their knowledge.

Recombinant DNA

________: putting a gene or part of a gene obtained from another organism into the genome of another organism.

Enzymes

________ are proteins that catalyze reactions for metabolism.

Autosome

________: any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

Cancer

________ (growth out of control)- caused by either too much cell division or not enough cell death.

Genotype

________: description of alleles that code for traits (PP, Pp, pp)

Proteins

________ have four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

RNA polymerase

________ starts transcription at the promoter.

genetic material

Any movement of individuals and or the ________ they carry from one population to another.

Molecules

________ are added to a growing polypeptide by base pairing between the anticodon in its attached tRNA ________ and the next codon on the mRNA chain.

CAP

________: catabolic- operated protein activates transcription.

Mammals

________ have evolved to like sugar because it is a source of energy and holds onto fat.

organisms fitness

A(n) ________ is based on how well- equipped or adapted they are in order to survive in a given environment.

Translation

________: the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm synthesize proteins after the process of transcription.

Individuals

________ do not evolve because they do not change or evolve within their lifetime.

RNA

They are part of DNA or ________ molecules.

Genetic code

________ is the same across different organisms.

Quaternary

________: the association of several protein chains or subunits into a closely packed unit.

Phenotype

________: description of the physical or biochemical trait.

Lac operon

________: a set of genes that are specific for the uptake and metabolism of lactose and is found in E. coli and other bacteria.

mode of inheritance

They are not "better "than recessive alleles → ________ has nothing to do with whether an allele benefits an individual or not.

Gene regulation proteins

________ like Lac Operon repressors are normally off and are in an inducible state.

enzyme Catalase

The ________ breaks down hydrogen peroxide, which is a harmful by- product of many chemical reactions.

natural selection

Allele changes frequency not because it itself is under ________, but because it is near another gene that is undergoing selective sweep and that is on the same DNA chain.

Proteins

________ perform a wide variety of functions in cells.

Evolution

________ takes place over time throughout generations and can shape a population, but does not happen to the individual.

lac operon

The ________ is considered an inducible operon because it is usually turned off (repressed), but can be turned on in the presence of the inducer allolactose.

genetic code

Located in the nucleotides, the ________ contains the information to make a protein.

Evolution

________ is based on how fit an organism is in its environment and only the most fit survive.

Genetic code

________ allows for the coding of amino acids in proteins.

CDK

cyclin-dependent kinase

cyclin

proteins that increase/ decrease during the cell cycle that has to build up enough during cell cycle to bond CDK

Law of Segregation

offspring acquire one hereditary factor from each parent

Law of Independent Assortment

different traits have an equal opportunity of occuring together

Law of Dominance

offspring with inherit the dominant trait, and can only inherit the recessive trait if they inherit both recessive factors

Genotype

description of alleles that code for traits (PP, Pp, pp)

Phenotype

description of the physical or biochemical trait

Gametes

sperm or egg

Autosome

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

Transcription

the process of copying a segment of DNA to RNA

Eukaryotic Transcription

takes place inside the Nucleus; proteins known as Transcriptional factors are needed

$$Prokaryotic Transcription

$$takes place in the Cytoplasm;  no such proteins are needed

codon

the sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid

lac operon

a set of genes that are specific for the uptake and metabolism of lactose and is found in E. coli and other bacteria