high yeild test materials

saturated fatty acids

no double bonds, tightly packed, solid at room temp

trans-unsaturated fatty acids

similiar to saturated fatty acids, trans mimics straight chains

ampipathic lipids

contained in cell membranes, hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads

phospholipids 

glycerophospholipids and sphinoglipids, in cell membranes 

cholesterol

moderates fluidity, is in all membranes

anomeric carbon 

carbonyl carbon that becomes a heiacetal or hemiketal upon ring formation

carbonyl carbon

anomeric carbon is the _____ in linear form

hemiacetal

anomeric carbon can form this in an aldose

hemiketal 

anomeric carbon can form this in a ketose

beta 1 to 4

cellulose, undigestible in humans

dimeric receptor kinase

insulin receptor

ligand-induced dimerization

activates insluin receptor (receptor tyrosine kinase)

cross phorylation

occurs immediately after the ligand induced dimerization of insuin receptor

G3P and DHAP

form equally via aldose

NAD+

required, regenerated via fermentation if no glucose

lactate dehydrogenase 

regenerates NAD+, essential for anaerobic glycolysis 

hexokinase and PFK

substrate level phosphorylation occurs here, uses atp not make it

phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase

ATP producing enzymes of glycolysis

glucose 6 product

inhibits hexokinase (product)

1,3biphosphoglycerate and PEP

two high energy intermediates in glycolysis

triose phosphate isomerase

enzyme for DHAP to and from G3P

isomerase

DHAP to G3P is catalyzed by a _____ enzyme

ATP, 13BPG, PEP, and phosphocreatine 

high energy examples of high energy compounds 

PEP

highest phosphoryl transfer potential, drives substrate level phosphorylation to make ATP

decreased electrostatic repulsion, increase resonance stabilization, increase entropy

why ATP hydrolyssi releases so much energy

irreversible 

TCA cycle is overal ______

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP, 2 CO2

products of TCA

NADH producing

pyruvate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, alphaketoglutarate dehydrogenase

succinate dehydrogenase

succinate dehydroenase

increased ADP

increased TCA activity, regulates isocitrate dehydrogenase

receptor tyrosine kinase 

insulin receptor is a 

intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity

insulin’s ability to autophosphorylates comes from

cAMP

binds to regulatory subunits of PKA, releases active catalytic subunits

cytoplasmic side 

heterotrimic proteins are anchored to the