Adult ECHO 1

what systolic and diastolic pressure is considered a hypertensive crisis

>180/>120

What systolic and diastolic pressure is considered stage 2 hyptension

140+/90+

what is the normal at rest pulmonary artery pressure

15-25 mmHg

what PAP is considered hypertensive when excercising

>30 mmHg

right sided heart failure, DVT, and edema can all be caused by

hypertension of the pulmonary artery pressure

what is the normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure

2-12 mmHg

the PCWP is an indirect measurement of the _______ ______ pressure

left atrial

what is the term for so much pericardial fluid that it begins to crush the heart

tamponade

the outer layer of the pericardium is called the

fibrous layer

the inner layer of the pericardium is called the

serous layer

the serous layer of the pericardium is made up of 2 layers they are

parietal and visceral

the _____ layer is the outer most layer of the serous pericardium and is also known as the

visceral, epicardium

the inside layer of the serous pericardium is called the

parietal layer

the middle muscle layer of the heart wall is called the

myocardium

the inner layer of the heart wall is called the

endocardium

which AV valve is the largest

tricuspid

T or F: the tricuspid valve is open during diastole

true

what valve is the only one to have 2 leaflets

mitral valve

what are the 2 leaflets of the mitral valve

anterior and posterior

what are the 3 leaflets of the tricuspid valve

anterior, posterior, medial/septal

what is the largest valve

tricuspid

what valve has the most superior location

pulmonic

cusps of the aortic valve

left and right coronary cusp, posterior/noncoronary cusp

what valve is the origin of the coronary artery system

aortic

what valves are open during systole

pulmonic and aortic

are SL or AV valves larger

AV

average diastolic diameter of the IVC

1.2-2.1 cm

the right atrium fills during inspiration or expiration

inspiration

where does the coronary sinus empty

right atrium

what valve is located between the conoranry sinus and right atrium

thebesian

what is the typical pressure of the right atrium

2-8 mmHg

what is the typical oxygen level of the right atrium

75%

remnant of the foramen ovale

fossa ovalis

a normal shunt through the intraarterial septum that closes at birth

foramen ovale

the junction of the IVC and right atrium

eustachian valve

Chiari network

web-like structures that occasionally appear as mobile, thin membrane with whip-like motion

most anterior chamber of the heart

right ventricle

muscular bands that make up the inner surface of the right ventricle

trabeculations

typical pressure of the right ventricle

15-25mmHg/2-8 mmHg

typical pressure of the pulmonic artery

15-25mmHg/4-12mmHg

pulmonary veins are identified by their

location

the typical pressure of the left atrium

2-12mmHg

during inspiration the left atrium filling

decreases

during expiration, the left atrium filling

increases

the left atrial appendage is prone to thrombus when the patient has

a-fib

in the mitral valve, there are _ locations for functional abnormality to occur

8

the largest chamber with the thickest walls

left ventricle

3 cusps of the aortic valve

right coronary, left coronary, non-coronary

the right coronary artery originates from which sinus of valsalva

anterior/right

the left coronary artery originates from which sinus of valsalva

left posterior

what is the typical pressure of the aorta

120mmHg/80mmHg

nodule on the center of the free edge of each cusp and ensures complete closer of aortic valve

nodule of arantius

hair-like projections visualized on aortic valve cusps

lambl’s excrescences

the first branch of the arch of the aorta

brachiocephalic

what branches off of the brachiocephalic

RCCA and right subclavian

the second branch of the arch of the aorta

LCCA

the third branch of the arch of the aorta

left subclavian

remnant of the ductus ateriosus

ligamentum arteriosum

between the left subclavian and ligamentum arteriosum

isthmus

the left coronary artery branches in the (2)

Left anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery

the right coronary artery branches into (2)

acute marginal artery and posterior descending artery

what valves are closed during isovolumic relaxation time

tricuspid, pulmonic, mitral, and aortic

the period of relaxation

diastole

what valves are open durin diastole

tricuspid and mitral

the atrial kick is represented by the E or A wave

A wave

what valves are close during isovolumic contraction time

tricuspid, pulmonic, mitral, and aortic

the period of contraction

systole

on an EKG what represents sytole

QRS complex

what valves are open during systole

pulmonic and aortic

what comes first mechanical or electrical activity

electrical

overall function determined by systolic and diastolic

cardiac function

ability to efficiently eject blood out of the heart

systolic function

HTN, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and cardiomyopathy occur when there is a __________ dysfunction

systolic

diastolic function is dependent on (3)

contractility, chamber size, and ventricular end-diastolic pressure

indication of adequate coronary blood flow and oxygenation

contractility

excessive wall motion

hyperkinesis

decreased wall motion

hypokinesis

no movement/thickening of myocardium

akinesis

movement away from the center of the cavity

dyskinesis

cardiac output equation

CO=SVxHR

volume of blood ejected per heartbeat

stroke volume

stroke volume equation

SV=EDV-ESV

the number of heartbeats per minute

heart rate

cardiac output corrected for body surface area

cardiac index

cardiac index equation

CI= CO/BSA