Chapter 2 flashcards
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26 Terms
1
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Huguenots
French Protestant dissenters, the Huguenots were granted limited toleration under the Edict of Nantes. After King Louis XIV outlawed Protestantism in 1685, many Huguenots fled elsewhere, including to British North America.
Who: French Protestants
What: Religious dissenters persecuted in Catholic France
When: Especially active before and after 1598; fled after 1685
Where: France → British North America
Why/How: Fled persecution; helped populate English colonies
Who: French Protestants
What: Religious dissenters persecuted in Catholic France
When: Especially active before and after 1598; fled after 1685
Where: France → British North America
Why/How: Fled persecution; helped populate English colonies
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Edict of Nantes
Decree issued by the French crown granting limited toleration to French Protestants. Ended religious wars in France and inaugurated a period of French preeminence in Europe and across the Atlantic. Its repeal in 1685 prompted a fresh migration of Protestant Huguenots to North America.
Who: King Henry IV of France
What: Law granting religious toleration to Huguenots
When: 1598
Where: France
Why/How: Ended religious wars; repeal led to Huguenot migration
Who: King Henry IV of France
What: Law granting religious toleration to Huguenots
When: 1598
Where: France
Why/How: Ended religious wars; repeal led to Huguenot migration
3
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Coureurs de bois
Translated as “runners of the woods,” they were French fur-trappers, also known as “voyageurs” (travelers), who established trading posts throughout North America. The fur trade wreaked havoc on the health and folkways of their Native American trading partners.
Who: French fur trappers
What: “Runners of the woods” who traded furs
When: 1600s
Where: New France (Canada and interior North America)
Why/How: Expanded French trade; disrupted Native cultures
Who: French fur trappers
What: “Runners of the woods” who traded furs
When: 1600s
Where: New France (Canada and interior North America)
Why/How: Expanded French trade; disrupted Native cultures
4
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voyageurs
Translated as “runners of the woods,” they were French fur-trappers, also known as “voyageurs” (travelers), who established trading posts throughout North America. The fur trade wreaked havoc on the health and folkways of their Native American trading partners.
Who: French paddlers and traders
What: Canoe transporters in the fur trade
When: 1600s
Where: Rivers and lakes of North America
Why/How: Supported fur trade economy and French expansion
Who: French paddlers and traders
What: Canoe transporters in the fur trade
When: 1600s
Where: Rivers and lakes of North America
Why/How: Supported fur trade economy and French expansion
5
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Protestant Reformation
Movement to reform the Catholic Church launched in Germany by Martin Luther. Reformers questioned the authority of the Pope, sought to eliminate the selling of indulgences, and encouraged the translation of the Bible from Latin, which few at the time could read. The Reformation was launched in England in the 1530s when King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church.
Who: Martin Luther, King Henry VIII
What: Religious movement breaking from Catholic Church
When: 1517 (Germany), 1530s (England)
Where: Europe
Why/How: Created religious conflict; pushed colonization
Who: Martin Luther, King Henry VIII
What: Religious movement breaking from Catholic Church
When: 1517 (Germany), 1530s (England)
Where: Europe
Why/How: Created religious conflict; pushed colonization
6
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Roanoke Island
Sir Walter Raleigh’s failed colonial settlement off the coast of North Carolina.
Who: Sir Walter Raleigh and English settlers What: Failed English colony When: 1585–1587 Where: Off North Carolina coast Why/How: Disappeared mysteriously; showed early colonial risks
Who: Sir Walter Raleigh and English settlers What: Failed English colony When: 1585–1587 Where: Off North Carolina coast Why/How: Disappeared mysteriously; showed early colonial risks
7
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Spanish Armada
Spanish fleet defeated in the English Channel in 1588. The defeat of the Armada marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Empire.
Who: Spain vs. England
What: Spanish fleet defeated by English navy
When: 1588
Where: English Channel
Why/How: England’s win boosted its colonization effort
Who: Spain vs. England
What: Spanish fleet defeated by English navy
When: 1588
Where: English Channel
Why/How: England’s win boosted its colonization effort
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primogeniture
Legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land. Landowners’ younger sons, forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere, pioneered early exploration and settlement of the Americas.
Who: English landowning families
What: Law giving land only to oldest son
When: 1500s–1600s
Where: England
Why/How: Younger sons sought fortune in America
Who: English landowning families
What: Law giving land only to oldest son
When: 1500s–1600s
Where: England
Why/How: Younger sons sought fortune in America
9
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joint-stock company
Short-term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fund England’s early colonial ventures.
Who: English investors
What: Business model pooling money for colonies
When: Early 1600s
Where: England to New World
Why/How: Funded colonization like Jamestown
Who: English investors
What: Business model pooling money for colonies
When: Early 1600s
Where: England to New World
Why/How: Funded colonization like Jamestown
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Virginia Company
English joint-stock company that received a charter from King James I that allowed it to found the Virginia colony.
Who: English investors and King James I
What: Joint-stock company that founded Jamestown
When: 1606
Where: England to Virginia
Why/How: Sought gold and trade routes; started permanent colony
Who: English investors and King James I
What: Joint-stock company that founded Jamestown
When: 1606
Where: England to Virginia
Why/How: Sought gold and trade routes; started permanent colony
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charter
Legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose and spelling out the attending rights and obligations. British colonial charters guaranteed inhabitants all the rights of Englishmen, which helped solidify colonists’ ties to Britain during the early years of settlement.
Who: English monarchs and companies
What: Legal document granting rights to colonize
When: 1600s
Where: England and colonies
Why/How: Gave colonists English rights; tied them to Britain
Who: English monarchs and companies
What: Legal document granting rights to colonize
When: 1600s
Where: England and colonies
Why/How: Gave colonists English rights; tied them to Britain
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Jamestown
First permanent English settlement in North America founded by the Virginia Company.
Who: Virginia Company and English settlers
What: First permanent English colony
When: 1607
Where: Virginia
Why/How: Survived early struggles; became model for future colonies
Who: Virginia Company and English settlers
What: First permanent English colony
When: 1607
Where: Virginia
Why/How: Survived early struggles; became model for future colonies
13
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First Anglo-Powhatan War
Series of clashes between the Powhatan Confederacy and English settlers in Virginia. English colonists torched and pillaged Indian villages, applying tactics used in England’s campaigns against the Irish.
Who: English settlers vs. Powhatan Confederacy
What: Violent clashes over land
When: 1610–1614
Where: Virginia
Why/How: Ended with Pocahontas marrying John Rolfe
Who: English settlers vs. Powhatan Confederacy
What: Violent clashes over land
When: 1610–1614
Where: Virginia
Why/How: Ended with Pocahontas marrying John Rolfe
14
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Second Anglo-Powhatan War
Last-ditch effort by the Indians to dislodge Virginia settlements. The resulting peace treaty formally separated white and Indian areas of settlement.
Who: Powhatan tribes vs. English settlers
What: Final attempt to push out settlers
When: 1644–1646
Where: Virginia
Why/How: Ended Native resistance; separated Native and settler lands
Who: Powhatan tribes vs. English settlers
What: Final attempt to push out settlers
When: 1644–1646
Where: Virginia
Why/How: Ended Native resistance; separated Native and settler lands
15
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Iroquois Confederacy
Bound together five tribes—the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas—in the Mohawk Valley of what is now New York State.
Who: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca tribes
What: Powerful Native alliance
When: Formed in late 1500s
Where: Mohawk Valley, New York
Why/How: United for strength; influenced colonial trade and politic
Who: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca tribes
What: Powerful Native alliance
When: Formed in late 1500s
Where: Mohawk Valley, New York
Why/How: United for strength; influenced colonial trade and politic
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New Netherlands
North American Dutch colony centered in New Amsterdam (now New York). Though prosperous, this colony was conquered and absorbed by the English.
Who: Dutch settlers
What: Dutch colony focused on trade
When: 1620s–1664
Where: New Amsterdam (now New York)
Why/How: Prosperous but taken by England
Who: Dutch settlers
What: Dutch colony focused on trade
When: 1620s–1664
Where: New Amsterdam (now New York)
Why/How: Prosperous but taken by England
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Elizabeth I
(1533-1603) Protestant queen of England whose forty-five-year reign from 1558 to 1603 firmly secured the Anglican Church and inaugurated a period of maritime exploration and conquest. Never having married, she was dubbed the "Virgin Queen" by her contemporaries.
Who: Queen of England
What: Protestant ruler who backed exploration
When: Ruled 1558–1603
Where: England
Why/How: Defeated Spanish Armada; boosted colonization
Who: Queen of England
What: Protestant ruler who backed exploration
When: Ruled 1558–1603
Where: England
Why/How: Defeated Spanish Armada; boosted colonization
18
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Sir Francis Drake
(ca. 1542-1595) English sea captain who completed his circumnavigation of the globe in 1580, plundering Spanish ships and settlements along the way.
Who: English sea captain
What: Circumnavigated globe and raided Spanish ships
When: 1580
Where: Global voyages
Why/How: Brought wealth to England; challenged Spain
Who: English sea captain
What: Circumnavigated globe and raided Spanish ships
When: 1580
Where: Global voyages
Why/How: Brought wealth to England; challenged Spain
19
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Sir Walter Raleigh
(ca. 1552-1618) English courtier and adventurer who sponsored the failed settlements of North Carolina’s Roanoke Island in 1585 and 1587. Once a favorite of Elizabeth I, Raleigh fell out of favor with the Virgin Queen after secretly marrying one of her maids of honor. He continued his colonial pursuits until 1618, when he was executed for treason.
Who: English adventurer
What: Sponsored Roanoke colony
When: 1585–1587
Where: North Carolina coast
Why/How: Inspired future colonization despite failure
Who: English adventurer
What: Sponsored Roanoke colony
When: 1585–1587
Where: North Carolina coast
Why/How: Inspired future colonization despite failure
20
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James I
(1566-1625) Formerly James VI of Scotland, he became James I of England at the death of Elizabeth I. James I supported overseas colonization, granting a charter to the Virginia Company in 1606 for a settlement in the New World. He also cracked down on both Catholics and Puritan Separatists, prompting the latter to flee to Holland and, later, to North America.
Who: King of England
What: Gave charter to Virginia Company
When: Ruled 1603–1625
Where: England
Why/How: Supported colonization; cracked down on religious dissenters
Who: King of England
What: Gave charter to Virginia Company
When: Ruled 1603–1625
Where: England
Why/How: Supported colonization; cracked down on religious dissenters
21
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Captain John Smith
(1580-1631) English adventurer who took control of Jamestown in 1608 and ensured the survival of the colony by directing gold-hungry colonists toward more productive tasks. Smith also established ties with the Powhatan Indians through the chief’s daughter, Pocahontas, who had "saved" Smith from a mock execution the previous year.
Who: Jamestown leader
What: Took control and helped colony survive
When: 1608
Where: Virginia
Why/How: Made peace with Powhatans; enforced discipline
Who: Jamestown leader
What: Took control and helped colony survive
When: 1608
Where: Virginia
Why/How: Made peace with Powhatans; enforced discipline
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Powhatan
(ca. 1540s-1618) Chief of the Powhatan Indians and father of Pocahontas. As a show of force, Powhatan staged the kidnapping and mock execution of Captain John Smith in 1607. He later led the Powhatan Indians in the first Anglo-Powhatan War, negotiating a tenuous peace in 1614.
Who: Native chief
What: Leader of Powhatan Confederacy
When: Early 1600s
Where: Virginia
Why/How: Fought settlers; negotiated peace through Pocahontas
Who: Native chief
What: Leader of Powhatan Confederacy
When: Early 1600s
Where: Virginia
Why/How: Fought settlers; negotiated peace through Pocahontas
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Pocahontas
(ca. 1595-1617) Daughter of Chief Powhatan, Pocahontas "saved" Captain John Smith in a dramatic mock execution and served as a mediator between Indians and the colonists. In 1614, she married John Rolfe and sailed with him to England, where she was greeted as a princess and where she passed away shortly before her planned return to the colonies.
Who: Daughter of Powhatan
What: Mediator between Natives and settlers
When: 1595–1617
Where: Virginia and England
Why/How: Married John Rolfe; symbol of peace
Who: Daughter of Powhatan
What: Mediator between Natives and settlers
When: 1595–1617
Where: Virginia and England
Why/How: Married John Rolfe; symbol of peace
24
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Lord De La Warr
(1577-1618) Colonial governor who imposed harsh military rule over Jamestown after taking over in 1610. A veteran of England’s brutal campaigns against the Irish, De La Warr applied harsh "Irish" tactics in his war against the Indians, sending troops to torch Indian villages and seize provisions. The colony of Delaware was named after him.
Who: Colonial governor
What: Led military action in Jamestown
When: 1610
Where: Virginia
Why/How: Started First Anglo-Powhatan War with harsh tactics
Who: Colonial governor
What: Led military action in Jamestown
When: 1610
Where: Virginia
Why/How: Started First Anglo-Powhatan War with harsh tactics
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John Rolfe
(1585-1622) English colonist whose marriage to Pocahontas in 1614 sealed the peace of the First Anglo-Powhatan War.
Who: English settler
What: Grew tobacco; married Pocahontas
When: 1612–1614
Where: Virginia
Why/How: Made colony profitable; helped end First Powhatan War
Who: English settler
What: Grew tobacco; married Pocahontas
When: 1612–1614
Where: Virginia
Why/How: Made colony profitable; helped end First Powhatan War
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Hiawatha
(dates unknown) Along with Deganawidah, legendary founder of the Iroquois Confederacy that united the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca tribes in the late sixteenth century.
Who: Native leader
What: Helped form Iroquois Confederacy
When: Late 1500s
Where: New York region
Why/How: United tribes for peace and strength
Who: Native leader
What: Helped form Iroquois Confederacy
When: Late 1500s
Where: New York region
Why/How: United tribes for peace and strength