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What is the field that studies distribution + timing of diseases (infectious + non-infectious)?
Epidemiology
What is the study of the causes of disease?
Etiology
Epidemiology can determine what 3 things?
Etiology
Transmission
Susceptible populations
What is the number of individuals at certain time?
Prevalence
What is the number of new cases?
Incidence
What is the number of individuals with disease?
Morbidity
What is the number of deaths from disease?
Mortality
Incidence > Prevalence results in chronic or acute disease?
acute (either bc high mortality or high cure rate)
Prevalence > Incidence results in chronic or acute disease?
chronic
What pattern is environment caused and occurs occasionally w/o regional concentration? What are some examples of this pattern?
Sporadic; Tetanus, rabies, plague
What pattern is constantly present in a certain region? What are some examples of this pattern?
Endemic; Malaria, Ebola, chicken pox
What pattern is larger than normal amount of cases? What are some examples of this pattern?
Epidemic; Influenza, West Nile
What pattern is epidemic that is CROSS continental? What are some examples of this pattern?
Pandemic; Virulent influenza, Ebola, etc.
What is the goal of etiology?
Determine CAUSATIVE (etiological) agent of infectious disease
What study helps provide clues for suspect pathogen?
Epidemiology
What is the importance of the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) and what org publishes it?
The CDC publishes the MMWR, provides healthcare workers with updates on public health issues and latest data on notifiable diseases
Who is the father of epidemiology?
John Snow
What spread pattern has a single source for all infected individuals?
Common source
What spread pattern has a common source that exists for a short time (less than pathogen incubation) like food poisoning?
Point source
What spread pattern has continuous contamination, like a contaminated river?
Continuous source
What spread pattern has a source that is on and off; for example, when it rains, dirty water is driven toward the surface and makes water unusable, but when it is not raining, the water is fine?
Intermittent source
What spread pattern is spread through direct or indirect person-to-person contact?
Propagated
What is an example of a common source?
Broad street water pump
What is an example of a point source?
Spoiled potato salad
What is an example of a continuous source?
Sewage from upstream
What is an example of an intermittent source?
Rainfall runoff
What is an example of a propagated source?
No single source
Who is the Crimean War nurse that kept records of soldier illness and death?
Florence Nightingale
Who used epidemiological data of handwashing for better healthcare practices?
Joseph Lister
In what type of epidemiological study ARE subjects manipulated?
Experimental
In what type of epidemiological study are subjects NOT manipulated?
Observational
In what type of epidemiological study do researchers gather info about disease outbreak, including interviews + examination of medical records, helping develop hypothesis for etiology/causation?
Descriptive
In what type of epidemiological study do researchers select groups to evaluate hypothesis?
Analytical
In what type of epidemiological study do researchers select groups to evaluate hypothesis using data from PAST groups?
Retrospective Analytical
In what type of epidemiological study do researchers select groups to evaluate hypothesis using data from CURRENT subjects MOVING FORWARD
Prospective Analytical
In what type of epidemiological study do researchers examine individuals who share a particular characteristic?
Cohort Method
In what type of epidemiological study do researchers compare groups w/ disease to groups w/o? (commonly retrospective)
Case-control
In what type of epidemiological study do researchers randomly select a group to compare disease and no disease a at a point in time? (Looking for assoc. of measurable variables an the disease)
Cross-sectional
What type of epidemiological study is also known as clinical trials?
Experimental
What type of epidemiological study provides the best evidence for etiology?
Experimental
What type of epidemiological study is usually double-blind studies with humans? Do they have more ethical concern?
Experimental
What is a reservoir
Somewhere where long persisting pathogens live
What are some examples of non-living reservoirs?
Soil, water, Clostridium spp. in soil
What are some examples of living reservoirs (carriers)?
Humans, animals vs viruses, enteric microbes
What are passive carriers?
Living reservoirs that are NOT infected and transmit mechanically
What are active carriers?
Living reservoirs that ARE infected and transmit during incubation or convalescence. ASYMPTOMATIC = no symptoms
Failing to wash hands is a (passive/active) form of carriers
Passive
Transmission before/after fever is a (passive/active) form of carrier
Active
What is a definitive host?
A parasitic infections preferred host; parasite reaches sexual MATURITY
What is an intermediate host?
A parasitic infection that can include one or more diseases; parasite goes through immature life cycle stages