Chapter 16

What is the field that studies distribution + timing of diseases (infectious + non-infectious)?

Epidemiology

What is the study of the causes of disease?

Etiology

Epidemiology can determine what 3 things?

1. Etiology
2. Transmission
3. Susceptible populations

What is the number of individuals at certain time?

Prevalence

What is the number of new cases?

Incidence

What is the number of individuals with disease?

Morbidity

What is the number of deaths from disease?

Mortality

Incidence > Prevalence results in chronic or acute disease?

acute (either bc high mortality or high cure rate)

Prevalence > Incidence results in chronic or acute disease?

chronic

What pattern is environment caused and occurs occasionally w/o regional concentration? What are some examples of this pattern?

Sporadic; Tetanus, rabies, plague

What pattern is constantly present in a certain region? What are some examples of this pattern?

Endemic; Malaria, Ebola, chicken pox

What pattern is larger than normal amount of cases? What are some examples of this pattern?

Epidemic; Influenza, West Nile

What pattern is epidemic that is CROSS continental? What are some examples of this pattern?

Pandemic; Virulent influenza, Ebola, etc.

What is the goal of etiology?

Determine CAUSATIVE (etiological) agent of infectious disease

What study helps provide clues for suspect pathogen?

Epidemiology

What is the importance of the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) and what org publishes it?

The CDC publishes the MMWR, provides healthcare workers with updates on public health issues and latest data on notifiable diseases

Who is the father of epidemiology?

John Snow

What spread pattern has a single source for all infected individuals?

Common source

What spread pattern has a common source that exists for a short time (less than pathogen incubation) like food poisoning?

Point source

What spread pattern has continuous contamination, like a contaminated river?

Continuous source

What spread pattern has a source that is on and off; for example, when it rains, dirty water is driven toward the surface and makes water unusable, but when it is not raining, the water is fine?

Intermittent source

What spread pattern is spread through direct or indirect person-to-person contact?

Propagated

What is an example of a common source?

Broad street water pump

What is an example of a point source?

Spoiled potato salad

What is an example of a continuous source?

Sewage from upstream

What is an example of an intermittent source?

Rainfall runoff

What is an example of a propagated source?

No single source

Who is the Crimean War nurse that kept records of soldier illness and death?

Florence Nightingale

Who used epidemiological data of handwashing for better healthcare practices?

Joseph Lister

In what type of epidemiological study **ARE** subjects manipulated?

Experimental

In what type of epidemiological study are subjects **NOT** manipulated?

Observational

In what type of epidemiological study do researchers gather info about disease outbreak, including interviews + examination of medical records, helping develop hypothesis for etiology/causation?

Descriptive

In what type of epidemiological study do researchers select groups to evaluate hypothesis?

Analytical

In what type of epidemiological study do researchers select groups to evaluate hypothesis using data from PAST groups?

Retrospective Analytical

In what type of epidemiological study do researchers select groups to evaluate hypothesis using data from CURRENT subjects MOVING FORWARD

Prospective Analytical

In what type of epidemiological study do researchers examine individuals who share a particular characteristic?

Cohort Method

In what type of epidemiological study do researchers compare groups w/ disease to groups w/o? (commonly retrospective)

Case-control

In what type of epidemiological study do researchers randomly select a group to compare disease and no disease a at a point in time? (Looking for assoc. of measurable variables an the disease)

Cross-sectional

What type of epidemiological study is also known as clinical trials?

Experimental

What type of epidemiological study provides the best evidence for etiology?

Experimental

What type of epidemiological study is usually double-blind studies with humans? Do they have more ethical concern?

Experimental

What is a reservoir

Somewhere where long persisting pathogens live

What are some examples of non-living reservoirs?

Soil, water, Clostridium spp. in soil

What are some examples of living reservoirs (carriers)?

Humans, animals vs viruses, enteric microbes

What are passive carriers?

Living reservoirs that are NOT infected and transmit mechanically

What are active carriers?

Living reservoirs that ARE infected and transmit during incubation or convalescence. ASYMPTOMATIC = no symptoms

Failing to wash hands is a (passive/active) form of carriers

Passive

Transmission before/after fever is a (passive/active) form of carrier

Active

What is a definitive host?

A parasitic infections preferred host; parasite reaches sexual MATURITY

What is an intermediate host?

A parasitic infection that can include one or more diseases; parasite goes through immature life cycle stages

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