Inflammation and Wound Healing- NUR213

Five cardinal signs of an inflammatory response

-Redness

-Heat

-Swelling

-Pain

-Loss of function

Vascular response to inflammation involves blood vessel (contraction/dilation)

Dilation

Vascular response to inflammation involves (increased/decreased) vascular permeability and leakage

Increased

Vascular response involves what type of blood cell's adherence to the inner walls of the vessels

White blood cells (WBC)

Diapedesis is part of the

Vascular response

Diapedesis

Migration through the vessels

Three plasma protein systems are

-Complement system

-Clotting (coagulation) system

-Kinin system

What plasma protein system can destroy pathogens directly?

Complement system

Four functions of the complement system

-Anaphylatoxic activity resulting in mast cell degranulation

-Leukocyte chemotaxis

-Opsonization

-Cell lysis

Clotting system forms a

Fibrinous mesh at an injured or inflamed site

Main substance in fibrinous mesh is insoluble protein called

Fibrin

What plasma protein system prevents the spread of infection?

Clotting system

Clotting system keeps microorganisms and foreign bodies at the

Site of inflammation for removal

What does the clotting system form that stops the bleeding?

Clot

Clotting system provides framework for

Repair and healing

Kinin system functions to

Activate and assist inflammatory cells

Kinin is primarily

Bradykinin

Kinin system causes

Dilation of blood vessels, pain, smooth muscle cell contraction, vascular permeability, and leukocyte chemotaxis

Mast cells

Cellular bags of granules located in loose connective tissue close to blood vessels

Mast cell degranulation releases

Histamine

Histamine released from mast cell degranulation causes

Temporary and rapid constriction of large blood vessels and dilation of postcapillary venules

Histamine causes endothelial cells that line the capillaries to

Retract

Two mast cell receptors

-H1 receptor

-H2 receptor

H1 receptor is (proinflammatory/anti inflammatory)

Proinflammatory

Which mast cell receptor is present in smooth muscle cells of the bronchi?

H1 receptor

Which mast cell receptor induces bronchoconstriction?

H1 receptor

H2 receptor is (proinflammatory/anti inflammatory)

Anti inflammatory

Which mast cell receptor is present on parietal cells of the stomach mucosa?

H2 receptor

Which mast cell receptor induces the secretion of gastric acid?

H2 receptor

Three types of phagocytes

-Neutrophils

-Monocytes

-Macrophages

Which phagocyte predominates in early inflammatory responses?

Neutrophils

Neutrophils ingest

Bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris

What phagocyte is short-lived and becomes components of the purulent exudate (pus)?

Neutrophils

Primary roles of neutrophils

-Removal of debris in sterile lesions

-Phagocytosis of bacteria in nonsterile lesions

What phagocyte removes debris in sterile lesions?

Neutrophils

What phagocyte does phagocytosis of bacteria in nonsterile lesions?

Neutrophils

Monocytes that are produced in the bone marrow enter circulation, migrate to the inflammatory site, and develop into

Macrophages

Monocytes are precursors to what in tissues?

Macrophages

Kupffer cells are found in the

Liver

Alveolar cells are found in the

Lungs

Microglia are found in the

Brain

Macrophages are (smaller/larger) than monocytes

Larger

Macrophages are (more/less) active than monocytes

More

Important cellular initiators of inflammation that help in wound healing

Macrophages

Chronic inflammation

Inflammatory reaction that persists for a prolonged time without resolution or healing

Chronic inflammation is inflammation that lasts

Two weeks or longer

Chronic inflammation is often related to an

Unsuccessful inflammatory response

Four characteristics of chronic inflammation

-Dense infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages

-Granuloma formation

-Epitheloid cell formation

-Giant cell formation

Three phases of wound healing

-Inflammatory phase

-Reconstruction phase

-Remodeling and maturation phase

In the reconstruction phase the wound

Begins to heal

Fibroblast proliferation occurs in the

Reconstruction phase

Collagen synthesis occurs in the reconstruction phase and is done by

Fibroblasts

Epithelialization occurs in the

Reconstruction phase

Epithelialization

Cells from healthy tissue grow into wound

In the reconstruction phase the wound contracts through the actions of

Myofibroblasts

In the remodeling and maturation phase the healed wound is

Remodeled

Scar tissue forms in what phase of wound healing?

Remodeling and maturation phase

Which is not a local manifestation of inflammation?

a) Swelling

b) Pain

c) Leukocytosis

d) Redness

c) Leukocytosis

Bradykinins are responsible for the following:

a) Increase the phagocytic activity of macrophages

b) Inhibit monocyte migration from the inflamed area

c) Increase vascular permeability

d) Increase antibody production

c) Increase vascular permeability

Which statement is true regarding neutrophils?

a) Neutrophils are precursors to macrophages in tissues

b) Neutrophils enter the site of injury after lymphocytes and macrophages

c) Neutrophils are the largest blood cells

d) Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes of early inflammation

d) Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes of early inflammation

The characteristic vascular changes at the site of an injury produce

a) Blood vessel constriction after dilation

b) Increased permeability and leakage

c) Tightening of the capillary endothelial cell junctions

d) Pallor and swelling where the injury occurred

b) Increased permeability and leakage

Scar tissue is:

a) Nonfunctional collagenous and fibrotic tissue

b) Functional tissue that follows wound healing

c) Regenerated tissue formed in the area of injury

d) Fibrinogen which has entrapped phagocytes and neurons

a) Nonfunctional collagenous and fibrotic tissue