Learn to Lead Chapter Five Review

A leader’s critical thinking skills have a direct influence on his or her ________.

effectiveness

Critical Thinking

Self-guided, self-disciplined thinking which attempts to reason at the highest level of quality in a fair-minded way.

1. Clarity

2. Accuracy

3. Precision

4. Relevance

5. Depth

6. Breadth

7. Logic

What are the 7 Universal Intellectual Standards?

Developing the skill to think critically is a _______, a _______ process.

lifelong endeavor, never-ending

Clarity

Expressing ideas in a way for others to understand

Accuracy

Critical thinkers should back up their claims and have others verify them

Precision

Meaning what you say and saying what you mean

Relevance

All supporting claims should advance the argument and have some relevance to what is being stated.

Depth

The willingness to examine every imaginable complexity or factor bearing on an issue.

Breadth

How far each side is willing to look when considering an issue.

Logic

When one point supports the next and the conclusions flow naturally

1. Reasoning has a purpose

2. Reasoning is an attempt to figure something out

3. Reasoning is based on assumptions or beliefs you take for granted

4. Reasoning has a point of view

5. Reasoning is based on data, information, and evidence

6. Reasoning is expressed through and shaped by concepts and ideas

7. Reasoning contains inferences by which we draw conclusions

8. Reasoning leads somewhere and has consequences

What are the 8 Elements of Thought?

1. Big Picture Thinking

2. Focused Thinking

3. Realistic Thinking

4. Shared Thinking

What are the 4 Modes of Thinking?

Big Picture Thinking

The practice of stepping back from an issue or problem so as to take more of it in

Focused Thinking

The practice of intensely studying an issue, trying to see it clearly, and not becoming distracted by other issues that are somewhat related to, but different from, the specific question at hand.

Realistic Thinking

An approach where the leader tries to see the world for what it is, not how we might wish it to be.

Shared Thinking

Involves valuing the thoughts and ideas of others

Synergy

The belief that a team is greater than the sum of its parts

Logical Fallacy

An error of reasoning

Fallacy

A mistake in logic; bad reasoning that corrupts a line of thought.

Ad Hominem

Attacks the opponent rather than focusing on the logic of the opposing argument

Appeal to Authority

Tries to prove a claim by asserting that some smart person believes the claim to be true and therefore must be true

Post Hoc Fallacy

Illustrates the difference between correlation and causation

Appeal to Tradition

Makes the assumption that older ideas are better and that the leader’s job is to prevent change

Red Herring

While a given line of thought may indeed be true, it is a red herring if not relevant to the issue at hand

Weak Analogy

No matter how similar two things are, they are never exactly alike

Straw Man Fallacy

Misrepresents the opposing position instead of attacking the opposition head-on

Begging the Question/Circular Reasoning

When an argument’s conclusion is equivalent to the premises

False Dilemma

Making the argument that one is faced with 2 options and both are not very good

Slippery Slope

Causation being assumed in an argument

Intellectual Honesty

Honesty in the acquisition, analysis, and transmissions of ideas

Creative Thinking

A combination of concentration and imagination; this is required by the core value of excellence

Status Quo

The existing state of affairs; the way something’s always been done

Branding

The process of associating certain visual, cultural, and even emotional images with a product

What was an act of the government to ban protests and opposition thus erecting barriers to the first amendment?

The Sedition Acts

What can brew hostility toward creative thinking?

The military lifestyle

What is the purpose of brainstorming?

To generate ideas through the quick, free-flow of thoughts

What is the purpose of mindmapping?

To generate new ideas in a creative way; to draw connections between different ideas; a special way to do brainstorming

What is the purpose of the five “whys”?

To discover new ideas and solutions by drilling down into a problem

What is the purpose of reversal?

To find a way to do something better; to improve a product or service

What is the purpose of headlines of the future?

To analyze a problem and find the steps needed to achieve a goal

What are flowcharts?

Visual representations of the major steps in a process

What is the purpose of multi-voting?

To find which idea has the greatest consensus when the team ha several options to choose from; avoids a win/lose situation for the team’s members

What is the purpose of weighted pros & cons?

To make a decision by analyzing the arguments for and against an idea, with a special emphasis on the relative strength of each pro and con; uses a point system to add in making decisions

What is the purpose of gradual voting?

To aid the team in making a sound and democratic decision by limiting the influence its ranking members have on the junior members.

Leaders try to _______ people, and in the process, make more leaders

influence

Learning Objective

Describes what a student should know, feel, or be able to do at the end of a lesson

Four Modalities (or learning channels)

Describes the way we process information into memory

1. Visual

2. Auditory

3. Tactile

4. Kinesthetic

What are the four modalities?

Visual

Learning by “seeing", often involves using graphs or diagrams

Auditory

Learning by “listening”, involves group discussions

Tactile

Learning by “touching”, involves physically touching whatever it is they are studying

Kinesthetic

Learning by “moving”, involves games and role-playing activities

Lecture

An oral presentation of information, concepts, or principles that will lead students toward fulfillment of a learning objective

Guided Discussion

An instructor-controlled group process in which students share information and experiences to achieve a learning objective

Demonstration-Performance

A process-driven approach that is used when students need to physically practice new skills

Experiential

An umbrella term covering games, role-playing, hands-on activities, service projects, problem-solving challenges, and more

Simulation

Replicates the conditions of a job as realistically as possible

Evaluation

An attempt to check whether each student fulfilled the learning objectives, must be valid