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A leader’s critical thinking skills have a direct influence on his or her ________.
effectiveness
Critical Thinking
Self-guided, self-disciplined thinking which attempts to reason at the highest level of quality in a fair-minded way.
Clarity
Accuracy
Precision
Relevance
Depth
Breadth
Logic
What are the 7 Universal Intellectual Standards?
Developing the skill to think critically is a _______, a _______ process.
lifelong endeavor, never-ending
Clarity
Expressing ideas in a way for others to understand
Accuracy
Critical thinkers should back up their claims and have others verify them
Precision
Meaning what you say and saying what you mean
Relevance
All supporting claims should advance the argument and have some relevance to what is being stated.
Depth
The willingness to examine every imaginable complexity or factor bearing on an issue.
Breadth
How far each side is willing to look when considering an issue.
Logic
When one point supports the next and the conclusions flow naturally
Reasoning has a purpose
Reasoning is an attempt to figure something out
Reasoning is based on assumptions or beliefs you take for granted
Reasoning has a point of view
Reasoning is based on data, information, and evidence
Reasoning is expressed through and shaped by concepts and ideas
Reasoning contains inferences by which we draw conclusions
Reasoning leads somewhere and has consequences
What are the 8 Elements of Thought?
Big Picture Thinking
Focused Thinking
Realistic Thinking
Shared Thinking
What are the 4 Modes of Thinking?
Big Picture Thinking
The practice of stepping back from an issue or problem so as to take more of it in
Focused Thinking
The practice of intensely studying an issue, trying to see it clearly, and not becoming distracted by other issues that are somewhat related to, but different from, the specific question at hand.
Realistic Thinking
An approach where the leader tries to see the world for what it is, not how we might wish it to be.
Shared Thinking
Involves valuing the thoughts and ideas of others
Synergy
The belief that a team is greater than the sum of its parts
Logical Fallacy
An error of reasoning
Fallacy
A mistake in logic; bad reasoning that corrupts a line of thought.
Ad Hominem
Attacks the opponent rather than focusing on the logic of the opposing argument
Appeal to Authority
Tries to prove a claim by asserting that some smart person believes the claim to be true and therefore must be true
Post Hoc Fallacy
Illustrates the difference between correlation and causation
Appeal to Tradition
Makes the assumption that older ideas are better and that the leader’s job is to prevent change
Red Herring
While a given line of thought may indeed be true, it is a red herring if not relevant to the issue at hand
Weak Analogy
No matter how similar two things are, they are never exactly alike
Straw Man Fallacy
Misrepresents the opposing position instead of attacking the opposition head-on
Begging the Question/Circular Reasoning
When an argument’s conclusion is equivalent to the premises
False Dilemma
Making the argument that one is faced with 2 options and both are not very good
Slippery Slope
Causation being assumed in an argument
Intellectual Honesty
Honesty in the acquisition, analysis, and transmissions of ideas
Creative Thinking
A combination of concentration and imagination; this is required by the core value of excellence
Status Quo
The existing state of affairs; the way something’s always been done
Branding
The process of associating certain visual, cultural, and even emotional images with a product
What was an act of the government to ban protests and opposition thus erecting barriers to the first amendment?
The Sedition Acts
What can brew hostility toward creative thinking?
The military lifestyle
What is the purpose of brainstorming?
To generate ideas through the quick, free-flow of thoughts
What is the purpose of mindmapping?
To generate new ideas in a creative way; to draw connections between different ideas; a special way to do brainstorming
What is the purpose of the five “whys”?
To discover new ideas and solutions by drilling down into a problem
What is the purpose of reversal?
To find a way to do something better; to improve a product or service
What is the purpose of headlines of the future?
To analyze a problem and find the steps needed to achieve a goal
What are flowcharts?
Visual representations of the major steps in a process
What is the purpose of multi-voting?
To find which idea has the greatest consensus when the team ha several options to choose from; avoids a win/lose situation for the team’s members
What is the purpose of weighted pros & cons?
To make a decision by analyzing the arguments for and against an idea, with a special emphasis on the relative strength of each pro and con; uses a point system to add in making decisions
What is the purpose of gradual voting?
To aid the team in making a sound and democratic decision by limiting the influence its ranking members have on the junior members.
Leaders try to _______ people, and in the process, make more leaders
influence
Learning Objective
Describes what a student should know, feel, or be able to do at the end of a lesson
Four Modalities (or learning channels)
Describes the way we process information into memory
Visual
Auditory
Tactile
Kinesthetic
What are the four modalities?
Visual
Learning by “seeing", often involves using graphs or diagrams
Auditory
Learning by “listening”, involves group discussions
Tactile
Learning by “touching”, involves physically touching whatever it is they are studying
Kinesthetic
Learning by “moving”, involves games and role-playing activities
Lecture
An oral presentation of information, concepts, or principles that will lead students toward fulfillment of a learning objective
Guided Discussion
An instructor-controlled group process in which students share information and experiences to achieve a learning objective
Demonstration-Performance
A process-driven approach that is used when students need to physically practice new skills
Experiential
An umbrella term covering games, role-playing, hands-on activities, service projects, problem-solving challenges, and more
Simulation
Replicates the conditions of a job as realistically as possible
Evaluation
An attempt to check whether each student fulfilled the learning objectives, must be valid
Note 
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